新疆的发展与进步
Development and Progress in Xinjiang
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
二○○九年九月·北京
September 21, 2009, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前 言
Foreword
一、经济快速发展
I. Swift Economic Development
二、人民生活水平显著提高
II. Remarkable Improvement in People's Lives
三、各项社会事业不断发展
III. Steady Development of Social Programs
四、民族文化得到保护
IV. Preservation of Ethnic Cultures
五、坚持各民族平等团结
V. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity
六、保护公民宗教信仰自由权利
VI. Protecting Citizens' Rights of Freedom of Religious Belief
七、维护国家统一和社会稳定
VII. Safeguarding National Unity and Social Stability
结束语
Conclusion
前 言
Foreword
在中华人民共和国版图的西北部，有一片占陆地国土面积约六分之一的广阔疆域，这就是新疆维吾尔自治区。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Extending through the northwest of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, which accounts for about one sixth of the country's land territory.
新疆历史上曾是欧亚大陆交通和文明交往的通道，连接古代东西方文明的著名的“丝绸之路”从这里经过。特定的地理区位，使新疆历史发展呈现出鲜明的多民族并存与融合、多种文化兼容与并蓄的特色。自公元前1世纪起，新疆地区就是中国的重要组成部分，并在中国统一多民族国家构建和发展中发挥了重要作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Historically, Xinjiang was the passage for land transport and civilizational contact between Asia and Europe. The famous Silk Road linking the ancient civilizations of the East and the West went through this vast land. Its geographical location has resulted in Xinjiang's distinctive feature: coexistence and integration of diverse peoples and their cultures. Since the first century BC, the region has been an important part of China, and played a significant role in the construction and development of a unitary multiethnic country.
60年前，在新中国开国大典的前夕，新疆迎来了和平解放，饱经磨难的新疆各族人民同全国人民一道，成为国家的主人。从此，新疆的发展进入了新时代。
Prior to the founding ceremony of the PRC on October 1, 1949, Xinjiang witnessed its peaceful liberation. The diverse peoples of Xinjiang, who had undergone great sufferings together with the people in other parts of the country, became the masters of the state, and Xinjiang entered a new era of development.
60年来，在中国共产党和中央政府的领导和关心下，在全国各族人民的大力帮助和支援下，新疆各族人民艰苦奋斗，锐意进取，建设美好家园，创造幸福生活，使新疆一穷二白的面貌得到彻底改变，天山南北发生了翻天覆地的变化，实现了社会发展的历史性跨越。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past 60 years, under the leadership and care of the Communist Party of China and the central government, and with the support and assistance of all peoples in other parts of the country, the Xinjiang people of various ethnic groups through arduous efforts have made great advances in building a comfortable life and a beautiful home. The region has made a historic leap out of underdevelopment, with tremendous changes taking place in the areas north and south of the Tianshan Mountains.
新疆的发展与进步，是新疆各族人民高举民族团结大旗共同奋斗的结果，也是中国民族政策的成功实践。
The development and progress of the autonomous region should be attributed to the concerted efforts by all peoples of Xinjiang under the banner of solidarity of all ethnic groups, as well as to the success of China's policies on ethnic minorities.
一、经济快速发展
I. Swift Economic Development
1949年新中国成立前，新疆经济是以农牧业为主体的自然经济，生产力水平低下，生产方式落后，发展处于停滞状态。当时的新疆，没有一寸铁路，没有农场和成规模的良田，工业企业几乎全是私营小作坊，人民生活贫困不堪。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Before the founding of New China in 1949, Xinjiang had a natural economy mainly comprised of farming and animal husbandry. Local development was stagnant, with low productivity levels and underdeveloped production modes. There was not an inch of railway, no large-scale farms or large fertile fields. Privately owned small workshops were what signified industry here. The people led a life of poverty and hardship.
新中国成立以来，特别是20世纪70年代末实行改革开放政策以来，新疆进入了经济社会快速发展、综合实力明显增强、各族群众得到实惠最多的时期。中国政府从国家发展战略和各族人民根本利益出发，高度重视新疆的发展和建设，始终把帮助边疆地区发展经济、实现共同富裕作为一项基本政策，适时作出一系列推动和促进新疆发展的重大战略决策。2000年国家开始实施西部大开发战略，把促进新疆发展摆在更加突出的位置。多年来，新疆充分发挥自身比较优势，着力调整经济结构和转变经济增长方式，着力加强基础设施建设和生态环境保护，着力改善民生和提高基本公共服务水平，努力实现新疆发展与全国发展相协调、南疆发展与北疆发展良性互动的发展新格局。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since 1949, particularly after China's reform and opening-up in the late 1970s, Xinjiang has entered an era of rapid economic and social progress and enhanced comprehensive strength, with the local residents enjoying the most tangible benefits. Proceeding from the state development strategy and the fundamental interests of the people of various ethnic groups, the Chinese government has paid great attention to the development and construction of Xinjiang. It has made it a national basic policy to help the frontier areas develop their economy for the common good and wealth, and worked out timely a series of strategic decisions to promote Xinjiang's development. Xinjiang has been given priority in the national strategy launched in 2000 to develop the western regions.
Over the years, Xinjiang has made full use of its own advantages, and focused on economic restructuring and changing the modes of economic growth, infrastructure construction and environmental protection, along with improvement of people's livelihood and basic public services, so as to keep the development of Xinjiang in pace with the national development, and to ensure beneficial interaction between the development of southern Xinjiang and that of northern Xinjiang.
——综合实力明显增强。按不变价格计算，2008年新疆地区生产总值达4203亿元人民币，比新疆维吾尔自治区成立（1955年）前的1952年增长了86.4倍，年均递增8.3%；比1978年改革开放初期增长了19.6倍，年均递增10.4%；比2000年西部大开发开始实施时增长了2.2倍，年均递增10.6%。2008年新疆地方财政收入达361.06亿元人民币，是2000年的4.56倍，1978年的50.57倍，1955年的208.71倍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Comprehensive strength remarkably enhanced. Calculated at constant prices, the local GDP in 2008 stood at 420.3 billion yuan, which is 86.4 times higher than that of 1952 (three years before the establishment of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), up 8.3% on average annually; 19.6 times over that of 1978 (the first year of reform and opening-up), up 10.4% on average annually; and 2.2 times above that of 2000 (launching of the western development campaign), up 10.6% on average annually. Local revenues reached 36.106 billion yuan in 2008, which is 4.56 times that of 2000, 50.57 times that of 1978, and 208.71 times that of 1955.
——经济结构逐渐优化。近年来，新疆工业、农业和第三产业均保持快速发展。工业化进程加快，工业取代农业成为主要产业。第三产业在经济发展中的作用突出，批发、零售贸易和餐饮业发展迅速，邮电通信网络快速普及，房地产、金融等新兴行业快速发展。2008年，一、二、三产业占地区生产总值的比重分别为16.4%、49.7%、33.9%。
- Economic structure gradually optimized. In recent years, Xinjiang has witnessed rapid growth of its industry, agriculture, and service sector. As industrialization quickens, industry has replaced agriculture to become the pillar economic sector. Tertiary industry, or services, is also playing a prominent role in economic advancement. Wholesale and retail businesses and catering industry have expanded swiftly, while post and telecommunications networks have been widely set up, and new sectors, such as real estate and finance, are booming. In 2008, primary, secondary and tertiary industries accounted for, respectively, 16.4%, 49.7% and 33.9% of the local GDP.
Fig.1 Xinjiang's Industrial Structure
——基础设施建设不断加强。新疆根据“绿洲生态、灌溉农业”的特点，建成了以阿克苏克孜尔水库、和田乌鲁瓦提水利枢纽等为代表的一批现代大型水利工程和大批干支渠及其防渗工程，全区的引水量、水库库容和有效灌溉面积迅速增加。投资100多亿元人民币的塔里木河综合治理项目2008年完成，结束了塔河下游300多公里河道断流30年的历史。全面推进三北（东北、华北、西北）防护林、平原绿化、退耕还林、退牧还草等生态工程建设，改善农业生产条件。建成喷灌、滴灌等高效节水农田近80万公顷，年节水50亿立方米以上。2008年底，新疆已有国道主干线8条、省道66条、县级公路600多条，通车总里程达到14.7万公里，基本形成以乌鲁木齐为中心，以国道干线为主骨架，环绕两大盆地（准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地）、穿越两大沙漠（古尔班通古特沙漠、塔克拉玛干沙漠），横贯天山、连接南北疆的干支线公路运输网络。相继建成南疆铁路、北疆铁路以及兰新铁路复线等工程，2008年新疆铁路营运里程达3000多公里。航空事业发展迅速，已形成以乌鲁木齐为中心，联结国内外近70个大中城市和区内12个地州市，拥有114条国内外航线的空运网，通航里程达到16万多公里，成为国内拥有航站最多、航线最长的省区。邮电通信业快速发展，基本形成程控交换、光纤通信、数字微波、卫星通信、移动通信等完整的现代化通信体系，光缆、数字微波和卫星通信等现代化传输网络已覆盖全疆。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Infrastructure construction reinforced. Given its "irrigation farming in oases," Xinjiang has built a number of large modern water conservancy projects, such as the Kizil Reservoir in Aksu and the Ulug Ata Reservoir in Hotan, in addition to canals, ditches and seepage control projects, which have greatly increased the amount of water diverted, reservoir storage capacity and effectively irrigated areas. The completion of the Tarim River improvement project in 2008, with an investment of more than 10 billion yuan, put an end to the river's 30-year history of running dry for some 300 km in its lower reaches. Efforts in building shelterbelts of north, northeast and northwest China, greening the plain areas, returning farmlands to forests and returning pastures to grasslands have also improved farming conditions. Drip and spray irrigation is now available to nearly 800,000 ha of farmlands, thus saving five billion cubic meters of water annually.
By the end of 2008, Xinjiang had completed eight national highways, 66 inter-province highways, and more than 600 county-level roads, with the combined mileage reaching 147,000 km. A highway network has taken shape centering on Urumqi (capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), with roads surrounding the two basins (Junggar and Tarim) and crossing the two large deserts (Gurbantunggut and Taklimakan) and the Tianshan Mountains, to link southern and northern Xinjiang. With the completion of railways going through southern and northern Xinjiang and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang double-track rails, the total length of railroads in Xinjiang surpassed 3,000 km by 2008. Civil aviation has expanded swiftly, and a network with 114 domestic and international flight routes has formed, radiating from Urumqi and connecting some 70 Chinese and foreign cities and 12 prefectures in Xinjiang, with flight routes totaling over 160,000 km. Xinjiang now boasts the largest number of airports and the longest flight routes among all provinces and autonomous regions in China.
The post and telecommunications industry has seen rapid growth. A complete modern communications system has been put in place, composed of program-controlled exchanges, fiber-optical communication, digital microwave, as well as satellite and mobile communications; and the entire region has been covered by optical cable, digital microwave and satellite communications.
——农业综合生产能力显著增强。新疆的农业资源十分丰富。近年来，围绕粮食、棉花、特色林果、优质畜牧业基地和设施农业建设，新疆农业产业化经营加快发展，优势特色农产品产业带逐步形成，农业基础地位、农业综合生产能力进一步加强和提高，农产品有效供给成倍增长。2008年农业增加值达691亿元人民币，比2000年增长了1.4倍。 2008年粮食总产量达1022.85万吨，保持了自治区内供需平衡，并且略有节余。新疆是中国重要的商品棉基地，2008年棉花总产量达301.55万吨，棉花总产、单产和人均占有量均位居中国首位。现代畜牧业加快发展，已占农业总产值的27%，2008年肉类产量达175.49万吨，比2000年增长了95%。特色林果业发展迅速，2008年林果总面积突破100万公顷，林果总产量400多万吨，总产值超过60亿元人民币。截至2008年，新疆有各类农产品加工企业1059家，并成为中国最大的番茄制品加工出口基地。乳品日加工能力在短短几年里从不足1000吨提高到近3000吨，是全国增长最快的省区之一。甜菜糖生产能力达到60万吨，成为全国最大的甜菜糖生产基地。葡萄酿酒业发展迅猛。农产品加工企业使新疆50%以上的种植面积实现了订单生产，辐射带动了新疆65%的农户。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Overall agricultural production capacity notably enhanced. Xinjiang boasts abundant agricultural resources. In recent years, the industrialized production of grain, cotton, special fruit and quality livestock farming as well as agriculture facility building have quickened, and industrialized belts of advantageous and special farming products are taking shape. The fundamental status and overall production capacity of agriculture have both been enhanced, and the effective supply of agricultural products is increasing multifold.
In 2008, agricultural added value reached 69.1 billion yuan, 1.4 times more than that of 2000; and the total output of grain was 10.2285 million tons, leaving a slight surplus after meeting local demand. As one of China's major bases of commercial cotton, Xinjiang produced 3.0155 million tons of cotton in 2008, ranking first in China in terms of total output, per-unit output and per-capita output.
Modern animal husbandry has accelerated its growth, and it now accounts for 27% of local agricultural output value. In 2008, meat output stood at 1.7549 million tons, up 95% from 2000. Fruit production is also increasing quickly. In 2008, the total area of fruit trees exceeded one million ha, and fruit output totaled over four million tonnes, worth six billion yuan in output value.
By 2008, Xinjiang had 1,059 enterprises engaged in agricultural produce processing. It is the largest tomato processing and export base in China. Its daily dairy-processing capacity has been boosted from less than 1,000 tonnes to nearly 3,000 tonnes in a couple of years, the fastest growth in all provinces and autonomous regions. It is also the largest production base of beet sugar in China, with an annual output of 600,000 tonnes. The wine-making industry is advancing dynamically. Agricultural processing has made production-on-order available to more than half of the planting areas, benefiting 65% of rural households.
——现代工业体系逐步形成。新疆的工业经历了从无到有、从小到大的发展过程。近年来，通过实施优势资源转换、大企业大集团战略和中小企业成长工程，新疆的新型工业化进程加快，主要工业产品产量成倍增长，逐渐形成了包括石油、煤炭、钢铁、化工、电力、建材、纺织等门类比较齐全的现代工业体系，形成了天山北坡经济带、乌昌（乌鲁木齐和昌吉回族自治州）一体化经济区、库尔勒－库车石化工业带等工业聚集区，建成了32个国家和自治区级工业园区。2008年，工业对国民经济增长的贡献率达52.3%，工业增加值达1790.7亿元人民币，比1952年增长274倍，比1978年增长16.6倍，比2000年增长3.98倍，成为推动新疆经济快速增长的重要因素。重点行业和领域的信息技术应用不断加强，主要污染物排放总量得到初步控制，节能减排工作取得成效。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Modern industry system gradually formed. Xinjiang's industry has grown out of nothing, and developed from small to big. In recent years, through transforming advantageous resources, and supporting large enterprises and groups while nurturing small and medium-sized ones, Xinjiang has quickened its industrialization pace. Its main industrial products have seen multiple increases in output; and a complete modern industrial system has taken shape, comprising petroleum, coal, iron and steel, chemical industries, power, building materials, and textiles. Industrial zones have emerged, including the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, the Urumqi-Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture integrated economic zone and the Korla-Kuqa petrochemical belt, while 32 national and regional industrial parks have been built.
Industry has become an important factor propelling the local economy. In 2008, the industrial sector reported a 52.3% contribution to local economic growth, and industrial added value totaled 179.07 billion yuan, 274 times more than that of 1952, 16.6 times above 1978, and 3.98 times more than figures in 2000. The use of information technology in major industries and sectors has been strengthened, while the total amount of major pollutants discharged has been basically controlled, and energy-saving and emission-reduction efforts have yielded good results.
——矿产资源有效开发。新疆是中国的石油、天然气、煤炭等矿产资源最为丰富的地区之一。国家坚持对新疆油气大勘探、大开发和大投入的方针，努力将资源优势转化为经济优势，通过资源开发带动新疆经济快速发展，造福新疆各族人民。2008年，新疆原油产量达2722万吨，成为国家第二大原油产区；天然气产量240亿立方米，居全国第一位。随着新疆石油、天然气的开发以及中国与西亚国家在相关领域的合作，新疆的管道运输建设快速发展，2008年新疆拥有各类油气输送管道4000多公里，基本形成了北疆、南疆、东疆油气管网的框架。近年来，依托煤炭资源进行的煤电煤化工产业在新疆快速兴起。能源及化工业的快速发展，不仅满足了新疆经济发展对能源和石化产品的需求，而且有力带动了相关产业的发展，刺激了服务业的增长，对促进区域经济结构的形成和升级、解决就业以及推动城市化进程等发挥了重要作用。
- Mineral resources further developed. Xinjiang is one of Chinese regions rich in oil, gas and coal resources. Encouraged by the state policy of large-scale exploration and development through big investments, Xinjiang has endeavored to turn its resource advantages into economic advantages, and to boost the local economy through resources development so as to benefit all people in Xinjiang.
In 2008, Xinjiang ranked second in China by generating 27.22 million tonnes of crude oil; and first, by producing 24 billion cubic meters of natural gas. Driven by local oil-and-gas development and China's cooperation with West Asian countries in relevant fields, the construction of pipelines in Xinjiang is advancing rapidly. By 2008, Xinjiang had a network of pipelines whose total length exceeded 4,000 km, covering southern, northern and eastern Xinjiang.
In recent years, thermal power and coal-chemical industries have boomed in Xinjiang. The rapid growth of energy and chemical industries has not only met local demands for energy and petrochemical products, but also spurred services and other relevant sectors. This is important for the formation and upgrading of regional economic structure, as well as for job creation and the urbanization rate.
——开放水平不断提高。新疆是中国向西开放的重要门户，也是新亚欧大陆桥的重要通道。新疆与蒙古、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度8个国家接壤，是中国陆地边境线最长的省区。改革开放以来，新疆实现了由封闭、半封闭向全方位开放的历史性转变。目前，新疆有国家批准的一类口岸17个、自治区批准的二类口岸12个，辐射周边十几个国家。截至2008年底，新疆已与167个国家和地区开展了经济贸易合作和科技文化交流。2008年，新疆外贸进出口总额达222.17亿美元，居全国第12位（中西部省区市第2位）；非金融类对外直接投资1.64亿美元，居全国第13位；对外承包工程业务完成营业额7.95亿美元，居全国第14位；对外劳务合作业务派出各类劳务人员8548人，居全国第13位。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Opening wider to the world. Xinjiang is one of China's major gateways opening to the west. It is also an important passageway on the new Eurasian continental bridge. Bordered by Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, Xinjiang has the longest land borders among all frontier provinces and autonomous regions in China. Since China's reform and opening-up in 1978, Xinjiang has experienced a change from being closed or semi-closed to all-round opening up.
Now, Xinjiang has 17 Grade-I ports approved by the state and 12 Grade-II ports approved by the autonomous region itself, linking it immediately to over a dozen surrounding and nearby countries. By the end of 2008, Xinjiang was conducting economic and trade cooperation, as well as scientific and technological and cultural exchanges, with 167 countries and regions.
In 2008, Xinjiang's volume of foreign trade reached US$22.217 billion, ranking 12th in China (and second among central and western municipalities, provinces and autonomous regions); it made US$164 million in non-finance direct investment abroad, ranking 13th in China; and its turnover from overseas contracted projects reached US$795 million, ranking 14th. The region dispatched 8,548 people to work overseas, ranking 13th in China.
——旅游业快速发展。近年来，新疆旅游业快速发展，成为新的经济增长点。截至2008年，新疆共有景区（点）近500处，形成了以“丝绸之路”为主线，以喀纳斯湖生态旅游区，天池、赛里木湖和博斯腾湖风景旅游区，吐鲁番、库车古文化遗址旅游区，喀什民俗风情旅游区，伊犁塞外江南风光旅游区为重点的发展格局。2008年新疆接待国内外入境游客达2231.32万人次，当年旅游总收入近200亿元人民币。
- Tourism has witnessed buoyant growth. In recent years, Xinjiang's tourism has become a new economic growth point. By 2008, the region has opened nearly 500 scenic zones or spots. Besides the main tourist route along the Silk Road, there are also the Kanas Lake eco-tourism zone, the Heavenly Lake, Sayram and Bosten lakes, ancient cultural ruins in Turpan and Kuqa, the folk customs zone in Kashi (Kashgar), and the Ili grasslands. In 2008, Xinjiang hosted 22.3132 million foreign and domestic visitors, and reported nearly 20 billion yuan in tourism revenues.
——区域经济协调发展。国家和新疆自治区积极支持有优势有条件地区率先发展，并采取特殊政策措施，促进南疆三地州（喀什地区、和田地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州）以及牧区和边境地区加快发展，推动形成南北协调互动、区域竞相互促、城乡统筹互进的发展新格局。加快天山北坡经济带主动承接东部沿海地区产业转移，构建新型工业化发展高地。加快乌昌一体化进程，加快国家级出口加工区、开发区和工业园区建设，积极发展现代服务业。推进天山南坡吐哈（吐鲁番、哈密）地区石化产业带发展，以石油天然气、煤电煤化工为依托，发挥大型项目的聚集效应，形成连环配套的产业集群。大力促进南疆三地州经济社会发展，抓好抗震安居工程、喀什老城区改造工程、农村基础设施建设、地下水开发、盐碱地改造、饮水安全、农村沼气等一批事关长远发展和民生改善工程。抓紧改善牧区和边境地区生产生活条件，采取特殊扶持政策，促进牧区和边境地区加快发展。
- Regional economic growth coordinated. The state and the autonomous region have supported areas with advantageous conditions to take the development lead, while adopting preferential policies and measures to boost the development of southern Xinjiang (with the focus on Kashi, Hotan and Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture) as well as pastureland and frontier areas, for more balanced development between southern and northern Xinjiang, and between urban and rural areas.
The economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains will take the initiative in taking on the industries from China's eastern coast, so as to build a new industrial base. Urumqi-Changji integration will be accelerated, while construction of national export processing zones, development zones and industrial parks will be sped up, and a modern service sector will be further developed. Based on oil and gas resources, and thermal power and coal-chemical industries, the construction of the Turpan-Hami petrochemical belt on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains will be expedited to seek a congregating effect of large projects to form groups of ancillary industries.
Great efforts will be made to promote the economic and social development of the three prefectures (i.e., Kashi, Hotan and Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture) in southern Xinjiang, with priorities on a number of projects that are central to long-term development and improvement of people's livelihood, such as quakeproof housing, transformation of the old town of Kashi, rural infrastructure construction, underground water tapping, reclamation of saline-alkali lands, provision of safe drinking water, and spread of biogas in the countryside. Preferential policies shall be adopted to improve production and living conditions in pastureland and frontier areas, and to accelerate their development.
新疆经济发展取得的巨大成就是新疆各族人民团结奋斗的结果，也是在中央政府和全国人民长期支持帮助下实现的。多年来，中央政府在制定国民经济和社会发展计划或规划时，始终把新疆基础设施项目、农业基础发展项目、现代工业体系建设项目等列为国家重点项目，给予政策资金支持。1950年至2008年，中央政府在新疆的投资达3862.3亿元人民币，占同期新疆总投资的25.7%。从新疆维吾尔自治区成立的1955年到2008年，中央政府给新疆的财政补助累计达3752.02亿元人民币。特别是2000年以来，随着西部大开发战略的实施，中央政府给新疆的财政补助逐年增长，年均递增24.4%，2008年达685.6亿元人民币。中央政府还通过利用国际金融组织和外国政府贷款等多种途径加大对新疆的资金投入和支持。近年来，为优化新疆产业结构布局，中央政府把东南沿海较发达地区的一些企业、工厂搬迁至新疆，从内地调进工程技术人员充实到新疆初建的骨干企业中去，并选送大量少数民族工人到内地企业进修实习，在很短的时间内为新疆培养了一支工程技术骨干队伍。全国其他省市还以对口的形式向新疆提供了大量的资金、技术和人才支援，在新疆的发展中发挥了重要作用。一方面，发达地区派技术人员、教师、医生、企业管理人员等各类专业人才作为援疆干部，到新疆地（州）县挂职，传播并示范先进的技术和观念；另一方面，新疆党政机关工作人员、经济管理部门工作人员和各类专业技术人员则分批到内地对口支援省市挂职学习。近年来，根据中央政府的要求，由北京、浙江、天津、山东、辽宁、江西、上海、河南等8个省市和15个国有骨干企业，对南疆33个县（市）进行经济、科技、文化全方位对口支援。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The great economic achievements are the results of concerted efforts by all peoples of Xinjiang, and of support from the central government and the entire nation. Over the years, the central government has, in formulating plans on national economic and social development, listed Xinjiang's projects in infrastructure, agricultural development and a modern industrial system construction as key state projects enjoying preferential policies and funding support.
From 1950 to 2008, the central government invested 386.23 billion yuan in Xinjiang, accounting for 25.7% of the total investment in the region. From 1955 (when the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established) to 2008, Xinjiang received a total of 375.202 billion yuan in subsidies from the central budget. Along with the implementation of the western region development campaign in 2000, the amount of subsidies has grown by 24.4% on average annually, reaching 68.56 billion yuan in 2008. The central government has increased capital input and support to the region by using loans from international financial organizations and foreign governments.
In recent years, to optimize Xinjiang's industrial structure, the central government has moved a number of enterprises and factories from the economically more developed southeast coast to Xinjiang, and transferred engineers and technicians from other areas to the region's newly built pillar enterprises. A large number of workers from Xinjiang's ethnic minorities have been selected to work as interns in other areas, thus fostering a contingent of skilled workers for the region within a short period.
Moreover, the various municipalities and provinces have been paired up with different parts of Xinjiang to provide the latter with large sums of capital, technology and talents, which have played an important role in the region's development. On the one hand, the more-developed areas have dispatched technicians, teachers, doctors, management personnel and other professionals to work in Xinjiang's prefectures and counties, to disseminate advanced technology and concepts. On the other, Xinjiang has dispatched teams of its own officials, technicians and workers from Party and government organs, as well as economic management departments, to work and study in relevant provinces and municipalities.
In recent years, at the request of the central government, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangxi and Henan as well as 15 state-owned large enterprises have been paired up with 33 counties (or cities) in southern Xinjiang to provide them with economic, scientific and technological, and cultural assistance.
二、人民生活水平显著提高
II. Remarkable Improvement in People's Lives
在经历了消除贫困、解决温饱发展阶段后，目前新疆各族人民生活正在向小康迈进，生活质量大幅提高。2008年，新疆农民人均纯收入达3503元人民币，比改革开放初期的1978年增长28倍，比西部大开发初期的2000年增长1.2倍；城镇居民人均可支配收入11432元人民币，比1978年增长35倍，比2001年增长1倍。城乡居民人均储蓄存款余额1955年为14元人民币、1978年为52元人民币、2000年为4913元人民币，2008年为11972元人民币。居民人均消费水平1952年为122元人民币、1978年为181元人民币、2000年为2662元人民币，2007年为4890元人民币。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Having eliminated poverty and solved basic subsistence problems, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have now set their eyes on more prosperous lives, along with marked improvement in their standard of living.
In 2008, the per-capita net income of farmers in Xinjiang was 3,503 yuan, which is 28 times more than that of 1978, and 1.2 times more than that of 2000 when the western development campaign was launched; the per-capita disposable income of urban residents reached 11,432 yuan, which is 35 times more than that of 1978, and double that of 2001. The per-capita deposited savings of urban and rural residents averaged 14 yuan in 1955, 52 yuan in 1978, 4,913 yuan in 2000, and 11,972 yuan in 2008. Per-capita consumption was 122 yuan in 1952, 181 yuan in 1978, 2,662 yuan in 2000, and 4,890 yuan in 2007.
Fig. 2 Per-capita Deposited Savings of Xinjiang Residents (Unit: yuan)
Fig. 3 Per-capita Consumption of Xinjiang Residents (Unit: yuan)
城乡居民收入增长呈多元化特点。在农村，除粮食和棉花等传统农作物外，林果等产业成为农牧民增收的新渠道。2008年农牧民人均从林果业获得收入340元人民币。在一些林果业发展较早的县市，林果收入已经占到农牧民收入的40%以上。外出务工特别是到东部地区务工成为农牧民增收的又一新途径。2008年外出务工的新疆农牧民达150万人次以上，全疆农牧民人均劳务增收150元人民币。旅游业的发展带动了民族旅游产品的开发销售，也带动了民族手工业的发展，直接或间接带动了几十万人就业，增加了居民的家庭收入。
The residents' income increases have become more diversified. In the countryside, besides conventional crops such as grain and cotton, fruit trees have become a new source of earnings for farmers and herders, bringing in 340 yuan per capita in 2008. In places that had developed fruit growing earlier, earnings from selling fruit accounted for more than 40% of the total income of farmers and herders. Another way to increase earnings is seeking jobs elsewhere, particularly in eastern China. In 2008, more than 1.5 million farmers and herders found jobs outside Xinjiang, bringing back an additional 150 yuan per person for all rural residents. The development of tourism has promoted the production and sales of tourist products with distinctive features of minority ethnic groups, and the growth of local handicrafts, directly or indirectly producing hundreds of thousands of jobs, and thus increasing household incomes.
城乡居民的消费总量不断提高。人均粮食占有量从1949年的195.62公斤、1978年的300.09公斤，增长到2008年的426.60公斤；人均棉花占有量由1949年的1.18公斤、1978年的4.46公斤，增长到2008年的141.52公斤；人均肉类占有量由1949年的11.68公斤、1978年的7.83公斤，增长到2008年的53.85公斤。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The consumption levels of rural and urban residents have steadily risen. Average per-capita amount of grain rose from 195.62 kg in 1949 to 300.09 kg in 1978, and further to 426.60 kg in 2008; average per-capita amount of cotton rose from 1.18 kg in 1949 to 4.46 kg in 1978, reaching 141.52 kg in 2008; and average per-capita amount of meat was 11.68 kg in 1949, 7.83 kg in 1978, and increased to 53.85 kg in 2008.
Fig 4. Average Per-capita Amount of Grain and Cotton (Unit: kg)
居民消费结构发生变化。农村居民1978年恩格尔系数（食品消费比重）为60.8%，2001年为50.0%，2008年为42.5%；城镇居民1980年恩格尔系数为57.3%，2001年为36.4%，2008年为37.3%。消费层次已从一般家庭消费向服务、文化、教育、旅游、保健、信贷、信息、小轿车和高档住房消费发展。消费结构正从温饱型农产品消费向小康型电子产品消费转变。食品消费从主食型向追求多种营养成分合理摄取的副食型转变。衣着消费向成衣化、时装化、名牌化、个性化发展。耐用消费品经历了从自行车、缝纫机、手表和收音机等，到彩电、冰箱、洗衣机、照相机等，再到电脑、摄像机、钢琴、健身器材等的发展变化，小轿车正逐渐走入百姓家中。
The consumption structure has changed. The Engel's Coefficient (the proportion of food consumption) for rural residents was 60.8% in 1978, 50.0% in 2001, and 42.5% in 2008; while for urban residents it was 57.3% in 1980, 36.4% in 2001, and 37.3% in 2008.
Family consumption patterns are shifting from everyday items to services, culture, education, travel, healthcare, credit, information, private cars, and luxury housing. The consumption structure is changing from agricultural products like foodstuffs to electronic products for comfort and leisure. Food consumption is shifting from staple foods to non-cereal foods stressing nutritional balance. Clothing consumption is following the trends of readymade garments, latest fashions, brand names and unique styles. The consumption on home appliances has experienced a shift from bicycles, sewing machines, watches and radios, to color TV sets, refrigerators, washing machines and cameras, as well as personal computers (PCs), video cameras, pianos and gym facilities. Now, cars are also becoming more affordable for an increasing number of families.
Fig. 5 Engel's Coefficient for Xinjiang Residents
城乡居民家庭耐用消费品数量不断增长。农村居民家庭每百户拥有洗衣机数量从1990年的12.58台、2000年的20.87台，增长到2008年的38.00台；冰箱数量从1990年的0.40台、2000年的9.93台，增长到2008年的30.32台；摩托车数量从1990年的1.37辆、2000年的18.33辆，增长到2008年的50.77辆；移动电话数量从2000年的0.33部，增长到2008年的54.00部。城镇居民家庭每百户拥有空调器从2000年的2.78台增长到2008年的11.18台；移动电话从2000年的4.81部增长到2008年的144.40部；家用电脑从2000年的5.68台增长到2008年的41.32台；家庭汽车从2000年的0.82辆增长到2008年的4.62辆。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The number of home appliances bought by urban and rural families has been steadily rising. In the countryside, in 1990 every 100 households owned 12.58 washing machines, which increased to 20.87 in 2000, and to 38 in 2008; in 1990 every 100 households owned 0.40 refrigerators, which increased to 9.93 in 2000, and to 30.32 in 2008; in 1990 every 100 households owned 1.37 motorcycles, which increased to 18.33 in 2000, and to 50.77 in 2008; and the number of cell phones per 100 households increased from 0.33 in 2000 to 54 in 2008.
In the cities, every 100 households owned 2.78 air-conditioners in 2000, and 11.18 in 2008; 4.81 cell phones in 2000, and 144.40 in 2008; 5.68 PCs in 2000, and 41.32 in 2008; and 0.82 private cars in 2000, and 4.62 in 2008.
Fig. 6 Consumption on Home Appliances by Rural Households
人民群众生活条件不断改善。交通工具多样化使人们出行更加方便快捷，改革开放初期从乌鲁木齐到北京乘火车需耗时近一周，现今乘飞机仅需3个多小时。城市每万人拥有铺装道路由1978年的1.6公里、2000年的4.5公里，增长到2008年的15.7公里；城市每万人拥有公共汽车数量从1978年的3.1标台，增加到2008年的13.2标台。住房条件得到极大改善。农村人均住房面积从1983年的10.20平方米、2000年的17.25平方米，增长到2008年的22.79平方米；城镇人均住房面积从1983年的11.90平方米、2000年的20.06平方米，增长到2008年的27.30平方米。目前，全疆设市城市自来水普及率为97.86%，县城为87.18%；城镇集中供热普及率为51.2%，污水处理率为68%，生活垃圾无害化处理率为16%；城市燃气普及率为89.33%，县城为66.67%；城市绿化覆盖率为30.49%，绿地率为26.19%，人均公共绿地面积为6.94平方米。近年来，南疆库尔勒、和田、喀什、阿图什、阿克苏、墨玉、洛浦、疏勒等23个县市的30多万户各族群众用上了清洁且价格优惠的天然气。目前，南疆地区天然气新用户以每月上千户的规模增长，“砍胡杨、烧胡杨”正在成为历史。
People's living conditions have seen continuous improvement. A wide range of transportation vehicles available has made travel much easier and faster. In the early days of reform and opening-up in the 1980s, it took nearly one week to travel from Urumqi to Beijing by train, while now it takes only three hours by air. The length of paved road per 10,000 urban residents was 1.6 km in 1978,4.5 km in 2000, and up to 15.7 km in 2008. The number of buses per 10,000 urban residents was 3.1 in 1978, which increased to 13.2 in 2008.
Housing conditions have also greatly improved. Per-capita floor space in the countryside was 10.2 sq m in 1983, 17.25 sq m in 2000, and 22.79 sq m in 2008; while per-capita floor space in cities was 11.9 sq m in 1983, 20.06 sq m in 2000, increasing to 27.3 sq m in 2008.
Presently, 97.86% of the population in cities have access to tap water and the rate is 87.18% in county seats. While 89.33% of people in cities have access to cooking gas, the rate is 66.67% in county seats. In cities and towns the rate of centralized heating is 51.2%, the rate of sewage treatment 68%, and the rate of treatment of domestic waste is 16%. The urban green-coverage is 30.49%, the vegetation-land ratio is 26.19%, and per-capita public green area is 6.94 sq m.
In recent years, reasonably priced clean gas has become available to more than 300,000 households in 23 counties and cities in southern Xinjiang, including Korla, Hotan, Kashi, Artux,Aksu, Moyu, Lop and Shule. The number of household gas users in southern Xinjiang keeps growing by 1,000 every month. The felling and burning of poplar trees for household fuel has become a thing of the past.
Fig. 7 Consumption on Home Appliances by Urban Households
Fig. 8 Per-capita Floor Space in Xinjiang (Unit: sq m)
三、各项社会事业不断发展
III. Steady Development of Social Programs
新中国成立前，新疆只有1所大学、9所中学、1355所小学，学龄儿童入学率只有19.8%，全疆文盲率高达90%以上。新中国成立后，新疆教育事业取得历史性进步，目前义务教育实现了基本普及九年制和基本扫除青壮年文盲，各类成人教育、职业教育从无到有，稳步发展。2006年，随着新的农村义务教育经费保障机制的推行，新疆所有农村中小学生实现了免费教育。2008年，贫困寄宿生全部享受生活补助，城市义务教育阶段学生全部免除学杂费。从2007年开始，国家每年投入1.29亿元人民币用于资助5.1万名普通高校和9.5万名高、中等职业学校特困生，其中70%为少数民族学生。2008年，全疆共安排支持教育资金187.7亿元人民币，比上年增长32.3%。2008年，新疆共有小学4159所、在校学生201.2万人，小学学龄儿童入学率达99.6%以上；中等学校1973所，在校学生172.2万人；普通高等学校32所，在校学生24.1万人，在校研究生1.03万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Before the founding of the PRC in 1949, Xinjiang had but one college, nine secondary schools and 1,355 primary schools. Only 19.8% of school-age children attended primary school, and the overall illiteracy rate was a shocking 90%. Unprecedented changes have taken place in education in Xinjiang after 1949. At present, Xinjiang has basically made the nine-year compulsory education universal and eliminated illiteracy in the young and middle-aged population. Adult and vocational education started from scratch, and has been developing steadily. Since 2006, with the introduction of a new mechanism that guarantees rural education funding, Xinjiang's primary and secondary school students have enjoyed free compulsory education. In 2008, the government granted living subsidies to all underprivileged students who live at school and exempted urban students from tuition fees during their compulsory education period. Since 2007, the state has initiated an annual budget of 129 million yuan for the education of 51,000 very poor university students and 95,000 secondary and higher vocational school students, 70% of whom come from ethnic minorities. In 2008, the Xinjiang autonomous region government invested a total of 18.77 billion yuan in the region's education system, representing a year-on-year increase of 32.3%. Statistics from that year show that Xinjiang had 4,159 primary schools with 2,012,000 students, and a 99.6% enrollment rate for school-age children. There were 1,973 secondary schools with 1,722,000 students, and 32 institutions of higher learning with 241,000 undergraduate and 10,300 graduate students in total.
国家坚持优先发展少数民族教育，通过实施特殊扶持政策，推动少数民族教育事业发展。为确保少数民族考生能够接受高等教育，从20世纪50年代开始，国家实行高等学校招生对少数民族考生的照顾政策，此后又提出按比例录取的优惠政策，并对少数民族考生实行单独命题考试、单划分数线录取等政策，这种照顾一直持续至今。国家在农牧区建立了提供食宿和学习用品的寄宿制中小学校。国家通过实施“新疆少数民族科技人才特培”工程、“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”，以及公派少数民族留学生等，对少数民族高层次人才进行培养。在发展少数民族教育中，国家坚持用本民族语言文字进行教学。在新疆，凡有文字的民族，均使用本民族的语言文字教学。多年来，国家拨付专款，专门用于编印维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古、锡伯、柯尔克孜等5种少数民族文字教材，满足了少数民族学校主课教材的需要。一年一度的全国高等学校招生考试中，新疆使用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古等多种文字的试卷。随着经济社会的发展，各民族间交流日益频繁，越来越多的少数民族群众要求掌握汉语。针对全疆1000多万少数民族人口中约70%尚未掌握或根本不懂汉语文字，对少数民族和自治区发展造成不利影响的情况，自治区政府于2004年作出在少数民族学生中大力推进“双语”教学的决定，要求少数民族学生高中毕业达到“民汉兼通”的目标。2008年，在维吾尔广大基层干部群众的倡议下，新疆开展“双语”教师培训，稳步推进学前“双语”教育。实践证明，实施“双语”教育，对增进民族间的了解和沟通，发展平等团结互助和谐的民族关系，促进各民族共同繁荣发展有着重要意义。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state gives priority to education for ethnic minorities and has enacted special policies to support its development. To ensure their rights to higher education, the state adopted favorable enrollment policies for ethnic-minority students in the 1950s, now including further policies for proportional enrollment, separate examinations and admission scores. The state has set up primary and secondary boarding schools in farming and pastoral areas, providing free accommodation and food, as well as books and stationery. The state is committed to the cultivation of high-caliber professionals from minority backgrounds, sending promising students for overseas studies and through programs such as Specialized Training for Xinjiang Minority Sci-Tech Personnel and the High-Level Minority Talents Program. To develop education for ethnic minorities, it encourages the use of minority languages in classroom teaching. For ethnic groups with their own written languages in Xinjiang, school education is conducted in their own languages. Over the years, special state funds have been earmarked for the compilation and printing of textbooks in Uyghur, Kazak, Mongolian, Xibe and Kirgiz languages, satisfying the needs of minority students for textbooks of major courses. In Xinjiang, test papers for the annual national college entrance examinations are printed in Uyghur, Han, Kazak and Mongolian languages.
With social and economic development and increasing exchanges between different people of various ethnic groups, more and more minority people also wish to learn the Han Chinese language. In view that around 70% of the 10 million ethnic minorities in Xinjiang hardly understood written Han Chinese, therefore posing challenges for the minority people themselves and the region's development, the autonomous region government decided in 2004 to promote bilingual education among minority students, requiring high school graduates to master both their mother tongue and the Han Chinese language. In 2008, as proposed by the Uyghur community, bilingual training programs for teachers and preschool children were carried out. Today, bilingual education efforts have proved to be a significant measure for better understanding and communication between different ethnic groups, and the development of relations among the various ethnic groups featuring equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, and promoting common prosperity for all peoples.
为使边远地区少数民族学生能够接受更高水平的基础教育，从2000年起，国家在北京、上海等12个经济发达省市的13所中学开设新疆高中班。截至2008年，新疆高中班扩大到12个省（直辖市）28个城市的50所学校，招生规模从最初的1000人扩大到5000人，目前累计完成9届2.4万人的招生任务，毕业生中90%以上顺利升入内地高校进行学习，其中85%的毕业生考取重点院校。从2003年开始，新疆自治区人民政府参照内地新疆班形式，在乌鲁木齐、石河子等新疆8个城市开办区内初中班，目前每年招生5000人。初中班主要招收农牧区乡（镇）、村小学或贫困、边境县城市小学的应届毕业生，其中少数民族农牧民子女占80%以上。
To provide better basic education for minority students in frontier areas, from 2000 the state opened special classes for Xinjiang students in 13 high schools in 12 more-developed provinces and municipalities, including Beijing and Shanghai. By 2008, 28 cities in 12 provinces and municipalities had altogether 50 such classes for a total of 5,000 students, quintupling the initial enrollment. These special classes have to date enrolled 24,000 students over nine years, with 90% of the graduates advancing to higher education in inland universities, 85% at key schools. Since 2003, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region government has followed suit by starting junior-high classes in eight cities, including Urumqi and Shihezi, recruiting 5,000 students each year, mainly primary school graduates from farming and pastoral areas, especially poverty-stricken or border areas. More than 80% are children from minority farming and herding families.
1949年以前，新疆科技事业尚属空白。经过60年的努力，新疆已建立起专业比较配套、布局比较合理，并具有区域特征的科学研究和开发体系，培养了一支学术造诣较深的多民族科研队伍。2007年底，地方人才总量达197.2万人。截至2008年底，共取得重大科技成果6000余项，获得国家级奖励近200项，申请专利达20多万件。科技型企业创新能力不断增强，涌现出“金风科技”、“特变电工”等一批国际知名品牌。
Xinjiang's scientific pursuits did not really start up until after the PRC was founded in 1949. Six decades of efforts have basically established a well-structured scientific research and development system and professional teams with high achievements to support regional scientific development. By the end of 2007, a total of 1,972,000 professionals were working in Xinjiang, and by the end of 2008 these people had produced over 6,000 major scientific achievements, winning nearly 200 national awards and registering 200,000 patents. Scientific and high-tech enterprises continue to explore an innovative development path, drawing global attention with well-known names such as Gold Wind Technology, TBEA and other companies.
新中国成立前，新疆没有一个专业文艺团体，更无艺术研究机构。60年来，在国家的大力扶持下，新疆各类文化设施逐步建立并形成规模，各族群众文艺活动丰富多彩。截至2008年，全区共有艺术表演团体119个、文艺科研机构2个、艺术创作机构2个、群众艺术馆15个、文化馆94个、乡镇文化站1034个，从事专业表演创作的各族文化工作者达4355人；共有公共图书馆93个、博物馆47个；共有自治区级广播电台6座、电视台8座，广播和电视综合人口覆盖率均达到93.5%，有线电视用户达163.89万户，有线数字电视用户达32.42万户。实施西部大开发战略以来，国家投入24.84亿元人民币的专项经费，加强新疆文化建设。近年来，新疆各地广泛开展“百日广场文化活动”、“乡村百日文体活动竞赛”和文化、科技、卫生“三下乡”活动，先后实施了“百县千乡宣传文化工程”、“民族民间文化保护工程”、“丝绸之路边疆文化长廊建设”、“万村书库”工程、广播电视“西新工程”、图书出版“东风工程”、“文化信息资源共享工程”等文化建设重点工程，有力地推动了新疆文化事业的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Before 1949, Xinjiang had no professional arts groups or academic research organizations for arts. In the past six decades, with extensive support from the government, arts and cultural facilities of all types have been established step by step, providing rich and colorful cultural activities to local communities. Statistics show that, by 2008 the region had 119 arts and performance groups, two literature and art research institutes, two arts creation centers, 15 mass art galleries, 94 cultural centers, and 1,034 village and town cultural stations. A total of 4,355 individuals became creative and performance professionals. The region has 93 public libraries and 47 museums. In addition, it has six radio stations and eight TV stations at the autonomous regional level, and 93.5% of the local population has access to radio and TV programs. By 2008 households subscribing to cable TV services reached 1,638,900, while those with digital cable TV exceeded 324,200. Since the implementation of the western region development strategy, the state has invested a total of 2.484 billion yuan in developing Xinjiang's cultural facilities. In recent years, the Xinjiang government has initiated a series of cultural programs for the general public, including organizing cultural and recreation activities in city squares and rural villages. The government also schedules professionals to go on tour to rural villages, publicizing cultural, scientific and medical knowledge. Public cultural construction projects have also boomed, introducing different cultures and promoting diverse folk cultures as well as Silk Road border cultures. The government has also set up village libraries, and radio and TV stations all over the autonomous region, to connect local peoples with the rest of the world. Other key projects include sending books and publications to Xinjiang and constructing information centers to share resources with other areas of the country. These measures have significantly promoted the development of Xinjiang's cultural programs and endeavors.
新中国成立前，新疆医疗卫生水平极其低下，地方病、传染病频发，人口死亡率达20.82‰，婴儿死亡率高达420‰至600‰，人口平均预期寿命不到30岁。1949年，新疆仅有医疗机构54个、病床696张，每万人只有1.6张病床、0.19名医生，且卫生机构都分布在少数城市（镇）。60年来，政府不断加大医疗卫生投资，2008年新疆拥有各类卫生机构7238个，其中有各类医院1629所、病床位9.36万张、医生4.38万人，平均每万人拥有医院床位36张、医生21人。卫生防疫机构从无到有，形成了较为完善的城乡卫生防疫体系，防病、灭病水平和能力显著提高，消灭了天花病等一些地方病，各类地方病和传染病发病率大幅度下降。自20世纪70年代中期起，新疆开始试行计划免疫，纳入计划免疫的各类疫苗接种率逐年提高。医疗卫生水平的不断提高使人民健康状况得到极大改善，人口质量显著提高。2008年人口死亡率为4.88‰，婴儿死亡率为29.76‰，人口平均预期寿命提高到72岁。广大农牧区医疗条件明显改善，形成了县、乡、村三级医疗预防保健网。2003年，新疆开始实施农村新型合作医疗制度，到2008年已经开展新型农村合作医疗工作的县（市）达89个，覆盖农牧业人口1005.90万人，实际参加农村合作医疗的农牧民达950.30万人，覆盖率和参合率分别达到94.6%和94.5%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Before 1949 outbreaks of endemic and epidemic diseases were frequent due to the low level of Xinjiang's health and medical services. The overall mortality rate was 20.82 for every 1,000 people, while infant mortality rate was an astonishing 420-600 for every 1,000 births. The average life expectancy was below 30 years. In 1949 Xinjiang had only 54 medical centers, which were located in a few cities and towns, with a total of 696 beds. Every 10,000 persons had to share 1.6 beds and 0.19 doctors. Over the past 60 years, the central government has been making more and more investments in Xinjiang's medical services. By 2008, Xinjiang had altogether 7,238 medical service centers, including 1,629 hospitals with a total of 93,600 beds, and 43,800 doctors. That means 36 hospital beds and 21 doctors for every 10,000 people. Health and epidemic prevention institutions have been established out of nothing, and a systematic urban and rural health and disease-control network has been formed. Local disease control and prevention capabilities have greatly improved; some endemic diseases, such as smallpox, have been eradicated, and the incidence of other endemic and epidemic diseases has been significantly reduced.
Since the mid-1970s, Xinjiang has implemented a planned immunization program, with the vaccination rate rising steadily over the years. The improvement of healthcare services has greatly improved people's health conditions and quality of life. According to 2008 statistics, the general mortality rate was 4.88 for every 1,000 persons, and infant mortality was 29.76 per 1,000 births. The population's average life expectancy has reached 72 years. Health services in farming and pastoral areas have significantly improved, and a three-tier disease-prevention and healthcare network has been established in counties, townships and villages. Xinjiang implemented the new rural cooperative medical care system in 2003, and 89 cities and counties, or 94.6% of the rural areas, were included in the system by 2008, covering 10,059,000 farmers and herders, and those who actually participated in the program were 9,503,000, or 94.5% of the population covered by the program.
就业是民生之本。多年来新疆坚持实施积极的就业政策，以经济持续较快发展促进就业增长，采取多种措施增加就业岗位，扩大就业规模。2008年，新疆就业人数达847.58万人，城镇登记失业率为3.7%。西部大开发战略实施以来，新疆每年有30万以上的人实现就业再就业。新疆的人力资源市场从无到有、从小到大，市场机制在人力资源配置中的基础性作用基本确立，初步形成了由县区以上综合性服务机构、街道（乡镇）社区基层服务窗口以及各类服务实体共同组成的公共就业服务体系。2008年，新疆居民服务和其他服务业机构达107家，从业人员3944人。
Employment has a vital bearing on people's livelihood. Over the years the Xinjiang government has been committed to the implementation of proactive employment policies and the promotion of employment growth through sustainable economic development. The government has taken effective measures to increase job opportunities and expand the scale of employment. In 2008, a total of 8,475,800 people in Xinjiang were employed. The registered unemployment rate in urban areas was 3.7%. Since the implementation of the western region development strategy, over 300,000 people in Xinjiang have been employed or reemployed each year. Local human resources agencies have been set up and on the increase; and market forces are playing a fundamental role in allocating human resources. A public employment services system has taken shape, comprising of comprehensive services centers at county and district levels, grassroots-level services posts in communities, townships and villages, along with other types of services entities. In 2008, there were altogether 107 public services centers, with 3,944 employees providing resident services and other services.
近年来，劳务输出成为新疆扩大就业的新途径。为了解决南疆等偏远农牧区农民非农业收入比重低、脱贫致富难的问题，从2006年起，劳务输出从南疆伽师县逐步向全疆推广。通过自愿报名和职业技能培训选拔，新疆农牧民工可以从有需求的内地企业中选择自己的务工单位，由政府出资选派带队工作人员和新疆清真厨师陪同前往。伽师县从2006年至今，已向内地企业输出劳动力1.9万人次，劳务创收近2亿元人民币，年人均纯收入超过7000元人民币，比2008年新疆农牧民人均纯收入高出1倍。政府加强对农民工的培训，每年仅支付农民工外出就业培训费就达3－4亿元人民币。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, export of labor services has become a new channel for Xinjiang to expand employment. For many years people living in remote areas of southern Xinjiang experienced hardships, since they mainly relied on the not very profitable farming and animal husbandry for a living. Since 2006, the Xinjiang government has launched a labor-export program first in southern Xinjiang's Jiashi County and then throughout the whole autonomous region. Through the program local rural residents could apply for positions at inland companies after signing up and going through training courses that give them the necessary qualifications. The local government is required to appoint a leader (or leaders) who supervise the migrant workers in their new company, and also take along with them Halal cooks to cater to their needs. Since 2006, Jiashi County has exported some 19,000 person-times of labor services to inland enterprises, making a total profit of almost 200 million yuan. The migrant workers enjoy an average per-capita yearly net income of 7,000 yuan, double that of local farmers and herders in 2008. The Xinjiang government attaches importance to professional training for migrant workers, spending 300 million to 400 million yuan each year on such trainings.
改革开放以来，新疆的社会保障从无到有、渐成体系，各族群众基本生活得到保障。2008年，新疆拥有城镇各种社区服务设施799个，基本养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险、工伤保险、生育保险等五大保险参保人数达964.57万人，城镇居民中有63.80万人得到政府最低生活保障救助。各类收养性社会福利单位拥有床位1.90万张，收养各类人员1.40万人。从2007年7月起，新疆全面启动农村最低生活保障工作，确定对人均年收入低于700元人民币的农牧民给予补助，农村居民最低生活保障制度开始建立，2008年新疆有131万名特困农牧民群众享受到了低保待遇。新疆医疗救助工作发展迅速，到2007年底全疆所有县（市、区）都建立了城乡医疗救助制度。2008年，全区共救助216.4万人次，其中资助参保参合122.6万人，直接救助93.8万人次，支出资金3.1亿元人民币。
Since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies at the end of 1978, Xinjiang's social-security system has gradually taken shape, to provide basic living guarantees for the people. The 2008 figures show that Xinjiang has 799 community services facilities in urban areas. About 9,645,700 people have taken part in the five major insurance programs, of basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, industrial injury insurance, and maternity insurance. A total of 638,000 urban residents are receiving the minimum living allowance from the government. Social welfare institutions of various types have 19,000 beds by the end of 2008, taking in 14,000 residents under their care. From July 2007, the rural minimum living allowance system was introduced, providing subsidies for farmers and herders with annual average per-capita income lower than 700 yuan. In 2008, 1,310,000 farmers and herders in extreme poverty received the subsidies. By the end of 2007, medical aid services were available in every city, district and county. In 2008 the government invested 310 million yuan in medical assistance services for a total of 2,164,000 users, including 938,000 receiving medical services and 1,226,000 persons who have participated in medical insurance programs or cooperative medical care programs.
新疆地域辽阔，各地经济发展不平衡。从20世纪80年代中期起，新疆开展了以解决农村贫困人口温饱问题为主要目标、以改变贫困地区经济文化落后状态为重点的大规模扶贫开发，并经历了由单纯的救济式扶贫向有组织、有计划、有目标的开发式扶贫的转变。从1978年到2008年，新疆的贫困人口由532万人减少到253万人，贫困人口生产生活条件明显改善。近年来，国家不断加大对贫困状况严重的南疆三地州扶贫力度。2001年至2007年，中央和自治区用于扶贫的财政资金、以工代赈资金和信贷贴息资金中，有78%投到了南疆三地州，全部扶贫项目的70%以上安排在南疆三地州。从2004年起，新疆开始在地震高发、多发地区实施抗震安居工程，计划用6年时间，让多震、易震地区的群众全部住上抗震房。截至2008年底，已累计投入城乡抗震安居工程建设资金412亿元人民币，新建和改造抗震安居房189.5万户，其中南疆三地州农村共有74.23万户贫困农牧民入住抗震安居房。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Economic development in such a large region is not balanced. Since the mid-1980s, the local government has launched a large-scale poverty-alleviation campaign, aimed at ensuring basic subsistence for the impoverished rural population, and with a major focus on the promotion of economic and cultural development. The program also underwent changes, from providing money and food, to well-planned development-oriented poverty reduction efforts with good organization and clear goals. Over the period from 1978 to 2008, Xinjiang's impoverished population decreased from 5.32 million to 2.53 million, and their living and working conditions have been significantly improved. In recent years the state has put more efforts into poverty-alleviation in southern Xinjiang, where the situation is the most severe. From 2001 to 2007, 78% of the central and local governments' poverty-alleviation funds, work-relief subsidies and subsidized loans were invested in southern Xinjiang, where 70% of the total poverty-alleviation programs were based. Since 2004, earthquake-resistant housing programs have been carried out in quake-prone areas, a six-year plan to provide safe housing for people in these areas. The state invested 41.2 billion yuan in these programs by the end of 2008, constructing and fortifying 1,895,000 houses. In southern Xinjiang, 742,300 impoverished farming families have since moved into quakeproof housing.
四、民族文化得到保护
IV. Preservation of Ethnic Cultures
历史上，新疆各族人民创造了丰富多彩的文化，为中华文化的发展作出了独特贡献。由于历史上地处“丝绸之路”的要冲，使新疆文化具有明显的地域性和民族性特征。新疆各地区、各民族的文化积淀深厚、文化形态多样、民间文艺丰富多彩。多年来，国家有计划有组织地对各少数民族文化遗产进行搜集、整理、翻译和出版，保护少数民族名胜古迹、珍贵文化和其他重要历史文化遗产，形成了政府主导、学术支持、社会参与的保护格局，使各民族优秀文化遗产得到了继承和发扬。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The people of various ethnic groups in Xinjiang have created rich and vibrant cultures which have made unique contributions to the development of Chinese culture. Originating out of a pivotal region along the ancient Silk Road, Xinjiang culture has acquired strong regional and ethnic characteristics, featuring profound heritage, varied forms as well as rich and diverse folk arts. For many years, China has been continually devoted to collecting, sorting out, translating and publishing the cultural heritage of the various ethnic minority groups, protecting their places of historic interest and scenic beauty and other valuable cultural and historical heritages. A preservation system combining government guidance, academic support and public participation has been established, which has ensured the inheritance and development of the fine cultural heritage of all ethnic groups.
少数民族音乐舞蹈在新疆民族文化中占有十分重要的地位。新中国成立以来，新疆通过建立各级艺术表演团体，成立艺术院校、艺术研究所等机构，抢救、搜集、整理、保护了一大批民间音乐舞蹈作品，通过培养一代又一代各类艺术人才，使传统的民间音乐舞蹈后继有人，并且不断发扬光大。20世纪90年代，先后编纂出版了《中国民族民间器乐曲集成·新疆卷》、《中国戏曲音乐集成·新疆卷》、《中国民间歌曲集成·新疆卷》、《中国民族民间舞蹈集成·新疆卷》等集成系列丛书，使新疆各民族优秀传统乐舞艺术的各个门类以音、谱、图、文、像的形式全面集中保存下来。
Minority folk music and dances are a major cultural component in the culture of Xinjiang. Since the founding of PRC in 1949, art troupes at various levels, art schools and institutes have been established in Xinjiang; they have rescued, collected, compiled and preserved large numbers of folk music and dance works, and trained one generation after another of art workers to pass on and develop further traditional folk music and dances. In the 1990s, some books or book series related to art, including Collection of Chinese Ethnic and Folk Musical Instruments Compositions (Xinjiang Volume), Collection of Chinese Drama Music (Xinjiang Volume), Collection of Chinese Folk Songs (Xinjiang Volume) and Collection of Chinese Ethnic and Folk Dances (Xinjiang Volume), were published, thus effectively guaranteeing the preservation of all categories of fine traditional music and dance of the various ethnic groups in the form of music, music scores and images, as well as text and audiovisual form.
维吾尔“十二木卡姆”是集歌、舞、乐于一体的维吾尔古典音乐套曲，被誉为维吾尔族“音乐之母”，也是中华民族音乐文化瑰宝。新中国成立前夕，“十二木卡姆”已濒临失传。新中国成立不久，当时的新疆省人民政府即于1951年8月将“十二木卡姆”列为重点抢救的艺术品，组织力量对木卡姆艺术进行了较为全面的普查、搜集和整理工作，并于1955年完成了录音、记谱和歌词整理工作，于1960年出版“十二木卡姆”乐谱。从此，“十二木卡姆”完成了由口头传承向文本传承的转折。20世纪80年代以来，自治区成立了新疆木卡姆研究机构和艺术团，专门搜集、整理、研究和表演以木卡姆为主的维吾尔古典音乐和民间歌舞，进一步推进了木卡姆抢救、保护和弘扬工作。2003年，新疆维吾尔木卡姆被列为“中国民族民间文化保护工程”首批试点项目。2005年“中国新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术”被联合国教科文组织批准为“人类口头和非物质文化遗产代表作”。“六十二阔恩尔”（意为六十二套优美的乐曲），是一种以“篑”（器乐曲）为主的配以民歌、舞蹈、弹唱等多种艺术表演形式于一体的综合艺术，是哈萨克族最具代表性的民族民间优秀传统文化。自20世纪90年代以来，国家成立专门机构，搜集、整理、出版了《阿克鹄阔恩尔》（即白天鹅套曲）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Twelve Muqams, known as "Mother of Uyghur Music," is a group of classical music pieces combining Uyghur singing, dancing and music, considered a treasure of Chinese ethnic music. Before the founding of PRC in 1949, Twelve Muqams had almost become lost. In August 1951, Twelve Muqams was listed at the top of arts that called for rescue by the people's government of the then Xinjiang Province, which mobilized efforts for systematic research, collection and compilation. In 1955, music recording along with notation and lyric collation of Twelve Muqams was completed; and the music score of Twelve Muqams was published in 1960, marking the turning point from a purely oral legacy to a textual heritage. After the 1980s, the government of the autonomous region established a Muqam research institution and a Muqam art troupe, both of which specialize in collecting, sorting out, researching and performing Uyghur classical music, folk songs and dances, especially the muqams, thus further promoting the rescue, preservation and development of the muqam arts. In 2003, Xinjiang Uyghur muqam arts were included in the first group of pilot projects in the "Chinese Ethnic and Folk Cultural Preservation Program." In 2005, Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam Arts of China was approved by UNESCO as "Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity."
The Sixty-two Kongeri (62 melodious divertimentos) is a comprehensive art form mainly composed of kui (instrumental music composition) while combining folk songs, dances and ballad-singing, representing the finest of Kazak folk culture. Since the 1990s, the government has set up special organizations for the collection, compilation and publication of Akku Kongeri (White Swan Divertimento).
新疆民族民间文学资源丰富。多年来，在国家的大力支持下，自治区政府有组织、有计划地抢救、保护民族民间文学作品，先后搜集、整理、翻译、出版了维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜、塔吉克、锡伯和乌孜别克等民族大量的民歌歌词、神话传说、民间笑话、民间故事、寓言、谚语等丰富多彩的民间文学遗产。《玛纳斯》、《江格尔》、《格斯尔》（在藏族地区称《格萨尔》）等著名少数民族英雄史诗的搜集、整理、翻译、出版和研究取得重要成果。《突厥语大词典》等一批少数民族优秀历史文化遗产得到有效保护。维吾尔族古典文学《热比亚与赛丁》、《帕尔哈特与西琳》，哈萨克族民间长诗《萨里哈与萨曼》等先后被整理，并翻译汉文出版。《中国民间文学集成》（新疆卷）的编纂工作已经完成。
Xinjiang boasts a wealth of folk literary resources of all ethnic minorities. With state support over the years, the government of the autonomous region has formulated plans and organized efforts to systematically rescue and preserve the folk literary works of the various ethnic minorities, resulting in the collection, compilation, translation and publication of a large number of folk literary heritages of the Uyghur, Kazak, Mongolian, Kirgiz, Tajik, Xibe, Uzbek and other peoples, including folk song lyrics, myths and legends, humorous anecdotes and stories, fables and proverbs. Great achievements have been made in collecting, editing, translating, publishing and researching of folk epics, including Manas, Janger and Life of King Gesar. A Comprehensive Turkic Dictionary and other exceptional minority historical and cultural heritages have been effectively preserved. The Uyghur literary classics Rabiya and Se'idi and Ferhad and Sherin, and the Kazak long poem Seliha and Semen were edited and translated into Chinese and published. The compilation of Collection of Chinese Folk Literature (Xinjiang Volume) has also been completed.
新疆少数民族古籍文种语种多、分布广泛，是中华民族传统文化遗产的重要组成部分。20世纪80年代初期，成立了自治区少数民族古籍搜集、整理和出版规划领导小组及办公室，全区有4个自治州、8个地区和1个地级市及部分县也相继成立了有关机构。此后在全区范围内开展抢救、搜集、整理和出版少数民族古籍的工作。截至2008年，自治区少数民族古籍整理办公室已累计搜集、登记造册的少数民族古籍达20518册（件）；已整理出版少数民族古籍上百种，其中包括维吾尔族不朽名著《福乐智慧》的三种抄本影印本，哈萨克族医学名著《医药志》，以及锡伯族萨满教经典《萨满神歌》等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Ancient books of Xinjiang minorities, in multiple languages with extensive distribution, represent a major component of China's traditional cultural heritage. In the early 1980s, a planning and leading team, along with an office in charge of the collection, editing and publication of ancient books of ethnic minorities, was established in Xinjiang. Similar organizations were successively established in four autonomous prefectures, eight other prefectures, one prefecture-level city and several counties. Since then, the work to rescue, collect, edit and publish such ancient books have been in full swing throughout the whole autonomous region. By 2008, the Xinjiang Minorities Ancient Books Editing Office collected and registered 20,518 volumes (or pieces), with over 100 titles published, including facsimiles of three handwritten copies of the Uyghur classic Kutadgu Bilig, the Kazak medical opus Annals of Medicine, and the Xibe Shamanist classic Shaman Divine Songs, among others.
为了更好地抢救、整理、研究、保护新疆的非物质文化遗产，自治区成立了“新疆非物质文化遗产保护研究中心”，并制定颁布非物质文化遗产保护工程管理办法和非物质文化遗产代表作申报评定暂行办法。2006年、2008年，柯尔克孜族史诗《玛纳斯》、蒙古族史诗《江格尔》和哈萨克族的《阿依特斯》等63项新疆非物质文化遗产项目分别列入第一、二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
To promote the rescue, compilation, research and preservation of intangible cultural heritage in the autonomous region, the Xinjiang Intangible Cultural Heritage Preservation Research Center was established. It formulated and promulgated regulations on how to administer intangible cultural heritage preservation projects and provisional rules on applying for and appraisal of masterpieces of the intangible cultural heritages. In 2006 and 2008, 63 intangible cultural heritage projects in Xinjiang, including the Kirgiz epic Manas, Mongolian epic Janger and Kazak Aytes, were listed in the first and second groups of national intangible cultural heritage.
新疆文物古迹遗址十分丰富。截至2008年，新疆已发现的文物点有4000多处，其中全国重点文物保护单位58处。国家重视对新疆文物古迹的保护和修缮，文物保护立法、考古调查发掘、文物维修保护、博物陈列等取得重要进展。在“保护为主、抢救第一”的方针指导下，自治区对重点文物进行了较大规模的抢救维修，其中包括克孜尔千佛洞、库木吐拉千佛洞、森木赛姆千佛洞、柏孜克里克千佛洞、高昌故城、哈密回王坟、伊犁将军府等。一批代表维吾尔、蒙古、回、锡伯等少数民族优秀历史文化遗产的著名建筑，如喀什阿帕克和卓麻扎、霍城秃黑鲁·帖木尔汗麻扎、昭苏喇嘛庙、和静蒙古王爷府、且末托乎拉克庄园等，得到了妥善维修和保护。2009年，自治区启动“丝绸之路（新疆段）重点文物抢救保护工程”，集中必要的财力物力，对新疆古代“丝绸之路”主干道上的大型遗址保护区和重点文物保护单位实行区域性、综合性抢救和保护。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Xinjiang is a region very rich in historical sites. By 2008, over 4,000 cultural relics sites had been found in Xinjiang, of which 58 were listed as key spots of cultural relics under state protection. The state has always attached great importance to the conservation and renovation of historical sites in Xinjiang, and significant achievements have been made in legislation on cultural relics preservation, archeological study and excavation, renovation and conservation of cultural relics, and their exhibition. Under the guiding principle of "giving priority to both conservation and rescue," a large-scale renovation has been carried out to the region's key cultural relics sites, including the Kizil Thousand Buddha Caves, Kumtura Thousand Buddha Caves, Simsim Thousand Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Thousand Buddha Caves, Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Hami King's Tomb, Former Residence of Yili General, etc. A number of renowned architectures representing the preeminent historical and cultural heritages of the Uyghur, Mongolian, Hui, Xibe and other peoples have been properly renovated and preserved, including the Tomb of Afak Hoja in Kashi, Tomb of Tughluk Tumur in Huocheng, Zhaosu Lamasery, Former Residence of a Mongolian Prince in Hejing, and Chimtoghrak Manor. In 2009, the "Key Cultural Relics Rescue and Conservation Program for the Silk Road (Xinjiang Section)" was launched in the autonomous region. Extensive financial and human resources have been mobilized for the comprehensive rescue and preservation of large historical sites and key cultural heritages along the main route of the ancient Silk Road in Xinjiang.
近年来，国家对喀什等历史文化名城的保护取得重要进展。喀什历史上曾是“丝绸之路”重镇，城市风貌和地域文化具有浓郁的民族特色。但喀什处于地震多发区，老城区房屋大都简陋、陈旧，抗震及防火能力极差。为保障人民生命财产安全，改善居民的居住条件，加强喀什老城区房屋的抗震性能，同时也为了更好地保护喀什古城文化风貌，2009年2月国家正式对喀什老城区危旧房改造综合治理计划立项，预计投入30亿元人民币，按照国家历史文化名城的要求对其进行保护性修缮。古城改造重视对原有风貌的保护，改造后的建筑形式将保留原有建筑特征和文化特色。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the conservation of Kashi, as well as other famous historical and cultural cities. Kashi was historically a place of strategic importance on the Silk Road. The city and its culture have distinctive ethnic characteristics. But the city is located in an area frequently hit by earthquakes, and houses in the old city of Kashi are mostly old and dilapidated, extremely vulnerable to earthquakes or fire. To protect people's life and property, and improve their living conditions, while enhancing the quake-resistance of the old houses and preserving the original appearance of the ancient city, China officially undertook the comprehensive restoration of dilapidated houses in old Kashi city in February 2009. Three billion yuan will be spent on the renovation work which will be done in line with the national conservation standards for historical and cultural cities. During the renovation efforts will be made to maintain Kashi's original appearance, so the structures will keep their original architectural and cultural characteristics after the renovation.
各民族文化艺术在继承基础上得到发展。维吾尔族“麦西来甫”、哈萨克族“阿依特斯”、柯尔克孜族“库姆孜弹唱会”、蒙古族“那达慕大会”、锡伯族“西迁节”、汉族“元宵灯会”等民族传统文艺活动广泛开展。一批反映时代巨变的具有浓郁民族特色、地域特点的优秀剧节目，如话剧《蕴倩姆》、维吾尔剧《艾里甫与赛乃姆》，杂技《达瓦孜》，哈萨克族的《阿依特斯》、柯尔克孜族“玛纳斯奇”弹唱《玛纳斯》等剧节目相继搬上艺术舞台。进入新世纪后，大型民族歌舞《我们新疆好地方》、《天山欢歌》、《喀什噶尔》等20多台优秀剧节目先后荣获国家级奖励。
Folk cultures and arts in Xinjiang have seen further development on the basis of inheriting the past legacy. Traditional cultural events, such as the Uyghur's "Meshrep," the Kazak's "Aytes," the Kirgiz's "Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair," the Mongolian "Nadam Fair," the Xibe's "West Moving Festival" and the Han people's "Lantern Festival," have been widely held. A number of impressive dramas with rich ethnic and regional characteristics have been staged, such as the modern drama Ghunchem, the Uyghur play Gherip and Senem, the acrobatics show Darwaz, as well as the Kazak Aytes, Kirgiz Manaschi ballad drama Manas. In the 21st century, more than 20 folk song and dance performances, including The Good Place Called Xinjiang, Joyous Songs of Tianshan Mountain and Kashgar, have won national prizes.
为使各少数民族语言跟进时代发展，国家建立“新疆维吾尔自治区民族语言文字工作委员会”和各级民族语言文字研究机构，负责少数民族语言文字的规范化、标准化和科学化研究管理。在政府的支持下，已研发出“博格达维哈柯文排版系统”、“锡伯文、满文文字处理和轻印刷系统”、“新疆2000”多文种图文排版系统、“阿拉伯文及多文种排版系统”等软件，通过制定标准和软件研制方式，为各类民族文字软件的代码、键盘布局、输入法等提供规范。
To ensure minority languages keep pace with the development of our time, China has set up the "Work Committee of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region on Languages and Scripts of Ethnic Minorities" and research institutes of minority languages at varied levels, responsible for regulation, standardization and scientific research and administration of the languages of the ethnic minorities. With government support, software such as the "Bogda Uyghur-Kazak-Kirgiz Languages Typesetting System," "Xibe and Manchu Languages Processing and Efficient Printing System," "Xinjiang 2000" and "Arabic and Multiple Languages Typesetting System," has been developed. They provide clues to the standards and software development methods for languages of other ethnic minorities in terms of software code, keyboard layout and input methods.
五、坚持各民族平等团结
V. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity
新疆民族众多。据2000年全国第五次人口普查，新疆共生活着维吾尔、汉、哈萨克等55个民族。2008年，新疆总人口为2130.8万人，其中汉族以外的其他民族1294.5万人，占全疆人口的60.8%。截至2007年，百万以上人口的民族有3个：维吾尔族（965.1万）、汉族（823.9万）、哈萨克族（148.4万）；10－100万人口的民族有3个：回族（94.3万）、柯尔克孜族（18.2万）、蒙古族（17.7万）；1－10万人口的民族有6个：塔吉克族（4.5万）、锡伯族（4.2万）、满族（2.6万）、乌孜别克族（1.6万）、俄罗斯族（1.2万）以及东乡族。其余民族人口不到万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is inhabited by people of many ethnic groups. According to the fifth national census in 2000, Xinjiang is home to people of 55 ethnic groups, including the Uyghur, Han and Kazak. In 2008, Xinjiang's population totaled 21.308 million, of which people of ethnicities other than the Han was 12.945 million, or 60.8% of the total. In 2007, there are three ethnic groups each with a population over one million, namely, Uyghur (9.651 million), Han (8.239 million), Kazak (1.484 million); three ethnic groups each with a population between 100,000 and one million: Hui (943,000), Kirgiz (182,000), and Mongolian (177,000); and six ethnic groups each with a population between 10,000 and 100,000: Tajik (45,000), Xibe (42,000), Manchu (26,000), Uzbek (16,000), Russian (12,000), and the Dongxiang. The population of all the other ethnic groups is less than 10,000.
Fig. 9 Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang with Population over 10,000
(Unit: 1,000 persons)
新疆自古以来就是多民族聚居地区，今天生活在新疆的各民族都是在历史上先后移居而来的。据史载，公元前101年，汉朝（公元前206年－公元220年）军队开始在轮台、渠犁等地屯田，后来扩大到全疆各地。公元前60年汉朝中央政府设立西域都护府以后，或为官、或从军、或经商，进入新疆的汉人连续不断。至汉朝末年，汉人在新疆各地已经形成大分散和各屯田点小集中的分布格局。汉族是较早进入新疆地区的民族之一。清朝统一新疆（1759年）后，为了移民戍边和开发新疆，清政府组织满、蒙古（察哈尔）、锡伯、达斡尔（索伦）、汉、回官兵移驻新疆，并鼓励南疆的维吾尔人到北疆伊犁，内地汉族、回族民众到新疆，发展生产。19世纪后期至20世纪前期，有许多俄罗斯人、乌孜别克人和塔塔尔人进入新疆并留居下来。1949年中华人民共和国成立时，新疆共有13个民族成分，呈现以维吾尔族为主体，各民族“大杂居、小聚居、混杂居住”的特点。南疆以维吾尔族为主，北疆以汉族和哈萨克族为主，柯尔克孜、锡伯、塔吉克和达斡尔等民族分布比较集中，其他民族大多为杂居。
Xinjiang has been inhabited by diverse peoples since ancient times. The inhabitants of Xinjiang all migrated from other areas historically. According to historical records, in 101 BC the Han Dynasty (206-220 BC) began stationing garrison troops to open up land for crop cultivation in Luntai (Bugur), Quli and other areas. Later, it sent more troops to all other parts of Xinjiang for the same purpose. After the Protectorate of the Western Regions was established in 60 BC by the Han central government, the inflow of Han people to Xinjiang, including officials, soldiers and merchants, never stopped. By the end of the dynasty, Han residents could be found in scattered settlements in Xinjiang, with garrison reclamation points forming compact communities. The Han thus became one of the earlier peoples who inhabited Xinjiang. After 1759, the government of the Qing Dynasty sent Manchu, Mongolian, Xibe, Daur (Suolun), Han and Hui troops to Xinjiang in order to strengthen the frontier defenses of the region, and encouraged Uyghurs to move from southern Xinjiang to Ili in the north, as well as Han and Hui people from inland areas to migrate to Xinjiang to promote production. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, a great number of Russian, Uzbek and Tatar people settled down in the region. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, Xinjiang was comprised of 13 ethnic groups, with Uyghurs as the majority. Each ethnic group was characterized by living together or mixing with other groups, or in compact communities. The majority in southern Xinjiang were Uyghurs, while northern Xinjiang was mainly inhabited by Han and Kazak peoples. The Kirgiz, Xibe, Tajik and Daur peoples mostly lived in compact communities, while most of the remaining ethnic groups reside scattered among other groups.
新中国成立后，新疆的人口自由流动日益增多，多民族混居状况更为明显。特别是改革开放以来，受市场导向作用影响，以上学、工作、经商、务工为主要目的的自发、自愿人口流动，在新疆城乡之间、北疆和南疆之间、新疆和内地之间频繁增加。2008年，新疆约有24万富余劳动力前往沿海经济发达地区务工。另外，每年还有大量的季节性流动人口在新疆境内和新疆与内地之间流动。每年8月下旬至11月的棉花收获期间，都有来自其他省市的数十万人到新疆从事棉花采摘工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, an increasing number of people have moved to and from Xinjiang, making more prominent the phenomenon of a multiethnic population living together. Especially since reform and opening-up in 1978, many citizens, guided by market forces, have frequently moved simultaneously and on their own will between Xinjiang's rural and urban areas, between its northern and southern areas, and between Xinjiang and other inland areas, for the purposes of education, employment, business or job-seeking. In 2008, about 240,000 surplus laborers went from Xinjiang to work in the economically developed coastal areas. In addition, there are large seasonal flows of people moving within Xinjiang or between Xinjiang and other inland areas. Each year from late August to November, hundreds of thousands of people from other provinces and municipalities go to Xinjiang to pick cotton.
经济和社会发展带来的人口频繁流动，导致新疆的民族构成及分布格局发生了变化。一是民族成分增加。2000年，除基诺族外，中国的其他55个民族都有成员在新疆定居生活。二是各民族人口数量普遍增加。1978年到2007年，全疆人口最多的维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、回等4个民族人口分别增长了74%、61%、81%和78%。三是各民族传统居住地的本民族人口比重不断下降。南疆喀什、和田和阿克苏三地的维吾尔族人口占全疆同族人口的比例，由1944年的84.6%下降到2007年的71.5%；伊犁哈萨克自治州的哈萨克族人口占全疆同族人口的比例由1944年的83.4%下降为2007年的76.8%。四是城镇多民族混居状况更为明显。城市中的少数民族人口比例增加。乌鲁木齐市有52个民族成分，少数民族占全市人口总数的比例由1978年的18%增长至2007年的27%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The socio-economic development of Xinjiang has given rise to a recurrent flow of labor, leading to a series of changes in the population and ethnic distribution in the region. First, the number of ethnic groups has increased. In 2000, except for the Jino people, Xinjiang was inhabited by people of 55 of China's 56 ethnic groups. Second, the population of almost every ethnic group in Xinjiang is increasing. From 1978 to 2007, the populations of the region's four largest groups - Uyghur, Han, Kazak and Hui - have increased, respectively, 74%, 61%, 81% and 78%. Third, the percentage of the population of each minority in their traditional settlements has decreased. For example, the ratio of Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang's three prefectures, namely, Kashi, Hotan and Aksu, to the total Uyghur population in Xinjiang fell from 84.6% in 1944 to 71.5% in 2007. The percentage of Kazaks in the Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Ili to the entire Kazak population in Xinjiang decreased from 83.4% in 1944 to 76.8% in 2007. Fourth, the multiethnic mixture in the cities and towns of Xinjiang has become more prominent, and the population of ethnic minorities has increased in the cities. Urumqi, the capital of the autonomous region, is inhabited by people from 52 ethnic groups, and the percentage of minority residents in the city's total population increased from 18% in 1978 to 27% in 2007.
新疆各族人民在长期共同生活中结下了深厚情谊。60年来，新疆各族人民相互尊重，相互信任，相互帮助，共同进步，形成、发展和巩固了平等团结互助和谐的民族关系，这既是新疆发展进步的重要内容，也是新疆发展进步的根本保证。
The diverse peoples of Xinjiang have formed deep friendships while living together for generations. Over the last 60 years, they have established, developed and consolidated strong ties of mutual respect, trust, support and harmony. These make up the important contents and fundamental guarantees for the advancement of Xinjiang.
承认中国各民族的存在并保障其各方面的平等权利，是中国政府解决民族问题的基本原则和根本政策，也是中国各项民族政策的基础。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益，维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。”在新疆，各民族公民广泛享有宪法和法律赋予公民的各项平等权利，包括选举权与被选举权、平等参与国家事务管理的权利、宗教信仰自由的权利、接受教育的权利、使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利、保护和发展本民族传统文化的权利等。
Recognizing the existence of each ethnic group and guaranteeing its equal rights in every aspect is the fundamental principle and policy of the Chinese government to handle ethnic problems. It is also the foundation of all other policies concerning the ethnic issue. The Constitution of the PRC stipulates: "All ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of ethnic minorities, and upholds and develops the relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's peoples. Discrimination against and oppression of any ethnic group is prohibited; any acts that undermine national unity or instigate secession are prohibited." In Xinjiang, citizens of every ethnic group enjoy the rights prescribed by the Constitution and laws, including freedom of religious belief, and rights to vote and stand for election, to equally administer state affairs, to receive education, to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve and advance the traditional culture of their own peoples.
60年来，为切实保障新疆各民族享有平等的政治权利和社会地位，实现各民族共同发展、共同繁荣，中央和自治区各级政府做了大量工作。新中国成立前，南疆部分地区尚存在农奴制残余，个别地区农奴制甚至完整保存。20世纪50年代，新疆进行了民主改革，废除了旧制度，使世代受压迫的少数民族人民得到了基本人权。少数民族参与行使国家权力的权利受到特殊保障。历届全国人民代表大会，新疆各少数民族都有适当名额的代表。出席第十一届全国人民代表大会的新疆代表共计60名，由11个民族成分组成，其中60%是少数民族代表。目前，全国人大常委会和全国政协的领导成员中，都有来自新疆的少数民族人士。自治区地方人民代表大会，当地每一少数民族聚居区都有代表参加。自治区第九届人民代表大会共有代表542名，有13个民族代表，其中少数民族代表占到65.5%，比少数民族人口在新疆总人口中的比重高出4个百分点。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past 60 years, China's central government and local governments in Xinjiang have made tremendous efforts to protect equal political rights and social status for each and all of Xinjiang's peoples, and achieve their common development and prosperity. Before the founding of the PRC in 1949, there were still remnants of feudal serfdom in some areas of southern Xinjiang, and in certain individual areas serfdom was even found intact. In the 1950s, democratic reform was carried out in Xinjiang. The abolishment of the old system enabled minority peoples to enjoy basic human rights, with their rights to participate in the administration of state affairs under special protection. In the previous terms of National People's Congress (NPC), deputies were selected from minority communities in Xinjiang for proportional representation. All 60 deputies in the Xinjiang delegation to the 11th National People's Congress came from 11 ethnic groups, and 60% of them were ethnic minorities. At present, some members of the NPC Standing Committee and the leadership of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference are from Xinjiang's minority ethnic groups. In the local people's congresses of Xinjiang, there are deputies from each ethnic group who live in compact communities. In the Ninth People's Congress of the autonomous region, the 542 deputies were comprised of 13 ethnicities, and the proportion of minority deputies accounted for 65.5%, four percentage points higher than the ratio of the minority population to the total population of the region.
在新疆，各民族间政治地位的平等主要通过民族区域自治制度得以实现。在国家统一领导下，在少数民族聚居地区实行民族区域自治，使少数民族自己管理本自治地方的内部事务，是中国解决民族问题的一项基本政策，也是中国的一项重要政治制度。成立于1955年的新疆维吾尔自治区，是以维吾尔族为主体的民族自治地方。在维吾尔族以外的新疆其他少数民族聚居地区，还成立了哈萨克、回、柯尔克孜、蒙古等4个民族的5个自治州，以及哈萨克、回、蒙古、塔吉克、锡伯等5个民族的6个自治县，还有43个民族乡。新疆是全国唯一的三级（区、州、县）自治地方俱全的自治区。各级自治机关在历届人民代表大会代表组成以及干部配备上，坚持各民族平等参与、共同管理的原则，保证各民族共同当家作主。各级自治机关根据本地实际制定并实施自治法规、地方性法规和具有法律效力的决议，依法保障民族自治地方的自治权利。截至2008年底，自治区人大及其常委会制定的现行有效的地方性法规127件，通过法规性决议、决定28件，批准乌鲁木齐市地方性法规，各自治州、自治县单行条例100件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In Xinjiang, political equality for the various ethnic groups is realized mainly through the system of ethnic regional autonomy. Under the unified leadership of the state, implementing ethnic regional autonomy in place where ethnic minorities live in compact communities to allow them to manage their own internal affairs is a basic policy for China to resolve ethnic problems; it is also an important political system of China. Founded in 1955, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is an ethnic autonomous area with the Uyghurs as the principal body of the local population. Within the territory of the autonomous region, there also exist areas where other minorities live in compact communities. Thus, five autonomous prefectures for four ethnic groups - the Kazak, Hui, Kirgiz and Mongolian - have been established, in addition to six autonomous counties for five ethnic groups - the Kazak, Hui, Mongolian, Tajik and Xibe, and 43 ethnic townships. Xinjiang is the country's only autonomous region with autonomous areas at all three administrative levels (region, prefecture and county). When it comes to the composition of deputies to the people's congresses and the appointment of cadres, the region's autonomous organs at each level have adhered to the principles of equal participation and common management, so as to ensure that all peoples become masters of the country. In light of actual conditions, these organs shall formulate and implement autonomous laws, local laws, and decisions of legal force, to safeguard their rights of autonomy in accordance with the law. By the end of 2008, the people's congress of the autonomous region and its standing committee had altogether enacted 127 local laws and regulations, and approved 28 statutory resolutions and decisions, and approved 100 local laws and regulations formulated by Urumqi City and the governments of the various autonomous prefectures and counties.
国家和自治区一直把选拔、培养和使用少数民族干部作为实行民族区域自治政策的关键，通过送去学习、加强培训、基层锻炼、异地交流、挂职轮换等多种形式，培养和造就了一大批优秀少数民族干部，少数民族干部队伍的人数和素质大幅提高，并保证各级各类少数民族干部的相应比例。1955年，全疆有少数民族干部4.6万人，1965年为6.7万人，1975年为9.3万人，1985年为20.2万人，1995年为27.2万人，2005年为34.0万人，2008年为36.3万人，占全疆干部总数的51.25%。目前，自治区的政府主席、各自治州的州长、自治县的县长以及相应的人大常委会主任、人民法院院长、人民检察院检察长都由实行民族区域自治的民族的公民担任，绝大多数的地、州、市的专员、州长和市长以及县长、区长由少数民族干部担任。
The state and the autonomous region have always considered the selection, training and employment of cadres from among ethnic minorities to be a key to carrying out the policy of ethnic regional autonomy. A large number of outstanding cadres of minority origin have been trained and fostered by being sent out for study, receiving training, working at the grassroots level, or at different places through job exchanges or on rotation basis. In this way, the numbers of cadres have increased, their overall quality improved, ensuring corresponding percentages of such cadres at various levels and categories. The number of Xinjiang's cadres from minority ethnic groups was 46,000 in 1955, 67,000 in 1965, 93,000 in 1975, 202,000 in 1985, 272,000 in 1995, 340,000 in 2005 and 363,000 in 2008. The last figure accounts for 51.25% of the total number of cadres in Xinjiang. In today's Xinjiang, the heads of the autonomous region, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, as well as the heads of the standing committees of local people's congresses, the presidents of the people's courts and the procurator-generals of the people's procuratorates at corresponding levels are citizens from the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. An overwhelming number of the heads at the prefecture and city levels are citizens of ethnic minority origin.
Fig. 10 Numbers of Ethnic Minority Cadres in Xinjiang (Unit: 1,000 persons)
自治区政府采取各种特殊政策措施，努力使各民族一律平等的权利在社会生活和政府行为中得到落实和保障。1993年颁布、2002年修改的《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》，从法律上保障各民族语言文字平等的权利，提倡和鼓励各民族互相学习语言文字。1996年颁布的《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法〉办法》中规定，在自治区境内生产并销售的商品，其包装和说明书上应有少数民族文和汉文；经营者在其经营场所悬挂和在食品包装、装潢上标注“清真”字样或标记，必须经县级以上人民政府民族事务管理部门批准。
The government of the autonomous region has adopted a variety of special policies and measures to implement and protect all its peoples' equal rights in political and social life. Promulgated in 1993 and revised in 2002, "Regulations for Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" enshrines in legal form the equal rights of all peoples in terms of their own spoken and written languages, encouraging people to study the spoken and written languages of other ethnic groups. Enacted in 1996, "Measure Concerning Implementation of the PRC Lawon Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" stipulates that all commodities produced and sold in the autonomous region should have both the relevant minority and Han Chinese languages written on their packaging and users' manuals; that business operators who have the Muslim phrase "halal" (qingzhen) or its symbol visible on their business premises or on food packaging or labeling, should be approved by ethnic affairs administrative departments of the people's government above the county level.
国家坚持各民族语言文字一律平等的原则，反对任何形式的语言特权。自治区政府根据新疆的具体情况，于1988年和1993年相继颁布了《新疆维吾尔自治区民族语言使用管理暂行规定》和《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》，从制度上保障少数民族使用本民族语言文字的自由和权利。新疆目前13个世居民族使用10种语言和文字。自治区及各自治州、自治县机关执行公务时，同时使用自治民族和汉语两种语言文字。新闻、出版、广播、电影、电视等都广泛使用少数民族语言文字。《新疆日报》用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古四种文字发行。新疆电视台用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古四种语言播放节目。新疆人民出版社用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜、锡伯六种文字出版各类图书。新疆各出版社出版的图书与音像制品中使用少数民族语文的占到70%以上。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state adheres to the principle that the spoken and written languages of all peoples are equal, and opposes linguistic privilege in any form. In light of actual conditions in Xinjiang, the government of the autonomous region promulgated, respectively in 1988 and 1993, "Provisional Regulations of Administration for the Use of Minority Languages in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" and "Regulations for Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region," which legally enshrine the freedom and rights of ethnic minorities to use their own spoken and written languages. Now, Xinjiang has 13 ethnic groups inhabiting there for generations and using 10 spoken and written languages. The government organs of the autonomous region, prefectures and counties, in handling public affairs, use the language of the ethnic group exercising autonomy in that particular area as well as the Chinese language. Spoken and written languages of the minority peoples are widely used in news, publishing, radio, movies, and television programs. The Xinjiang Daily newspaper is printed in Uyghur, Han, Kazak and Mongolian languages, while the Xinjiang Television Station broadcasts its programs in the same four languages. The Xinjiang People's Publishing House uses the above four languages plus the Kirgiz and Xibe languages for its publications. Over 70% of books and audiovisual products published in Xinjiang use minority languages.
尊重少数民族风俗习惯，是保护各民族平等权利的一项重要内容。国家和自治区各级政府在承认各民族都有保持或改革本民族风俗习惯自由的基础上，制定一系列政策、法规，尊重和照顾少数民族饮食、衣饰、年节、婚姻、丧葬等方面的习俗。自治区政府每年都要对少数民族生活必需的肉食和副食品的生产和供应作出专项安排，保证各民族特需食品的生产和供应，特别注意照顾10个普遍信仰伊斯兰教的民族。在新疆，每年的肉孜节和古尔邦节，信仰伊斯兰教的各族人民都可以享受节日的假期，俄罗斯族在圣诞节、复活节也有法定假期。
Respecting ethnic minorities' folkways and customs is an important aspect of ensuring equal rights for all peoples. State and local governments in Xinjiang have formulated a number of policies and regulations to show respect for and protect the customs of minority peoples in terms of food, attire, festivals, marriage and funerals, while acknowledging that all peoples have the freedom to maintain or reform their own folkways and customs. Every year the government of the autonomous region makes specific arrangements to guarantee the production and supply of meats and other foodstuffs consumed daily by ethnic minorities, so as to ensure the production and supply of special foods for all communities, especially the 10 groups believing in Islam. In Xinjiang, on the Ramadan and Kurban festivals, all Muslim communities may enjoy statutory holidays, while those of Russian background may observe their own statutory holidays such as Christmas and Easter.
民族团结，是促进各民族真正平等的保障。国家保障各少数民族的合法权利和利益，反对民族之间的隔阂、歧视、仇恨和冲突，反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也反对地方民族主义。在新疆，加强各民族间的团结有着特别重要的意义，是做好新疆一切工作的重要保证。多年来，自治区政府大力倡导“人人都有民族团结思想，人人都讲民族团结，人人都懂民族政策，人人都做民族团结的好事。”新疆各族人民在实践中提出了“汉族离不开少数民族，少数民族离不开汉族，各少数民族之间也相互离不开”的“三个离不开”思想。1982年新疆在全国各省区市中率先开展民族团结进步表彰活动，至今已召开五次民族团结进步表彰大会，共有862个民族团结进步模范单位和1520名模范个人受到自治区的表彰。1983年开始在每年5月开展民族团结教育月活动，集中、广泛地进行民族平等团结的宣传教育，至今已坚持27年。新疆的小学至大学各类学校教育中均设置民族团结及民族知识教育的课程。通过坚持不懈的民族团结教育，各民族平等团结的观念和“三个离不开”的思想不断深入人心，各民族间互帮互助、互敬互爱蔚然成风。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Ethnic unity is central to guaranteeing equality among all China's ethnic groups. The state protects the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, while opposing estrangements, discrimination, hatred and conflicts between ethnic groups, as well as big ethnic chauvinism, especially Han chauvinism, and local nationalism. In Xinjiang, striving for unity among all its ethnic groups is of specific significance, because it is an important guarantee for accomplishing all work in the region. Over the years, the government of the autonomous region has strongly promoted the idea that "Everyone treasures the idea of ethnic unity, understands the policies on ethnic issues, and strives for and contributes to ethnic unity." Through their experience, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have come to the conclusion that "the Han Chinese cannot live without the minority groups, that the minority groups cannot live without the Han Chinese, and no one minority group can live without the other minority groups (known as the 'three inseparable ties')." In 1982, Xinjiang took the lead in China to launch a campaign of commendation activities for endeavors towards ethnic unity. So far, the region has held five conferences commending a total of 862 model units and 1,520 exemplary individuals. Since 1983, the government of the region has launched an "educational month of ethnic unity" in May throughout the whole region, carrying out intensive and extensive public education work concerning ethnic unity. Now this work has been ongoing for 27 years. Xinjiang's primary schools right up through its universities, all include in their syllabuses courses concerning ethnic unity and knowledge of other ethnic groups. Through constant education, people of all communities in Xinjiang have been suffused with the concepts of equality and unity, and the idea of "three inseparable ties," and treasuring mutual support, respect and love has become a common practice.
在新疆，平等团结互助和谐的民族关系表现在社会生活的各个方面。受传统生产生活方式影响，维吾尔族人与回族人在经商和餐饮业方面，汉族人在种植蔬菜方面，哈萨克族人在放马牧羊方面各有所长，统一的市场和相同的生产目的，使各民族相互协作，共同发展。共同的社会制度、共同的政治经济组织、共同的社区生活使不同民族成员结成同志、同事、邻居和朋友这样一些稳定的合作关系，彼此间的了解和友谊大大增强。据2004年、2005年在新疆10余个县（市）进行的一项问卷调查，城镇维吾尔族居民和汉族居民中，有两个以上异族朋友的分别占65%和61%，没有异族朋友的人分别占30%和29%。近年来，不同民族成员通婚的现象逐渐增多。在乌鲁木齐市，1980年婚姻登记中2.1%为族际婚姻（218对），2003年上升为5.9%（811对）；在塔城市，婚姻登记总数中族际婚姻的比例，1995年为5.5%，2003年增至39.5%。据1987年对伊宁市一个4个民族共居的街巷的调查，在具有语言能力的141人中，会2种语言的48人，会3种语言的16人，会4种语言的6人，会5种语言的1人。每逢维吾尔、哈萨克、回等普遍信仰伊斯兰教的民族欢度古尔邦节和肉孜节，汉、蒙古等民族欢度春节，各民族友邻、同事都问好祝福，共享喜庆。
In Xinjiang, ethnic relations featuring equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony are reflected in every aspect of social life. Influenced by their traditional ways of production and life, the Uyghur and Hui peoples tend to focus on business and food services, while Han people would grow vegetables, and Kazaks are more inclined toward pasturing. With their respective strengths, they have cooperated with one another, aiming at common development in a unified market and with the same production objectives. The unified social system, common political and economic organizations as well as shared community living have all helped form stable cooperative relationships between different communities and have made them become closer comrades, colleagues, neighbors and friends, thus greatly enhancing their understanding and friendship. According to a questionnaire survey conducted in more than 10 counties (or cities) in 2004 and 2005, among the Uyghur and Han urban residents, those who have more than two friends from other ethnic groups accounted for 65% and 61%. Those who have no friends outside their own ethnic group made up 30% and29%. In recent years, intermarriages have increased between people of different ethnicities. In Urumqi, the percentage of intermarriages in the city's registration was 2.1% (218 couples) in 1980, while the figure rose to 5.9% (811 couples) in 2003. In Tacheng, the percentage of intermarriages in the city's registration was 5.5% in 1995, rising to 39.5% in 2003. According to a 1987 survey conducted in a neighborhood inhabited by people from four ethnic groups, among 141 who have linguistic abilities, 48 people can use two languages, 16 use three languages, six use four languages, and one person could use five languages. Each time Muslim communities, such as Uyghur, Kazak and Hui, celebrate the Ramadan and Kurban, or when Han and Mongolian peoples celebrate their Spring Festival, friends and colleagues from other ethnic groups would send their best wishes and share in the festive celebrations.
六、保护公民宗教信仰自由权利
VI. Protecting Citizens' Rights of Freedom of Religious Belief
新疆历史上就是多种宗教并存的地区，且一直持续至今。目前新疆主要有伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教、天主教、道教等。中国政府实行宗教信仰自由政策，新疆全面贯彻执行这一政策，依法保护公民宗教信仰自由权利，保障宗教界的合法权益，促进宗教事业健康有序发展。
Since ancient times, Xinjiang has always been a region with a number of religions existing side by side. The major religions in Xinjiang today are Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Catholicism and Daoism. The Chinese government enacts a policy of freedom of religious belief, which the government of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region has thoroughly implemented. It protects citizens' rights of freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law, safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of religious circles, and promotes healthy and orderly development of religion.
宗教信仰自由是中国宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。”“任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。”“国家保护正常的宗教活动。”国务院颁布的《宗教事务条例》规定：“公民有宗教信仰自由。任何组织或者个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民或者不信仰宗教的公民。信教公民和不信教公民、信仰不同宗教的公民应当相互尊重、和睦相处。”中国的其他相关法律法规，对保障公民宗教信仰自由也有具体规定。国家强调在法律面前人人平等，公民有信教自由，也有不信教的自由，公民宗教信仰自由的权利与承担相应的义务相一致。侵犯公民宗教信仰权利要承担法律责任，无论是否信仰宗教，违反法律规定同样要承担法律责任。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Freedom of religious belief is a basic right bestowed by the PRC Constitution on all its citizens. It is stipulated in the Constitution as follows: "Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. The state protects normal religious activities." In addition, the State Council promulgated "Regulations on Religious Affairs," which stipulates: "Citizens enjoy freedom of religious belief. No organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in any religion or citizens who do not believe in any religion. Citizens who believe in religions and those who don't shall respect each other and coexist in harmony, as shall citizens who believe in different religions." Other relevant laws and regulations have specific provisions on the protection of citizens' freedom of religious belief. The state emphasizes that all citizens are equal before the law; that the citizens have the freedom to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; that the citizens enjoy the rights of freedom of religious belief and at the same time must carry out corresponding responsibilities; that anyone who violates others' rights of freedom of religious belief shall bear the legal liability; and that both religious citizens and non-religious citizens shall bear the same legal liability for breaking the law.
在新疆，各族人民充分享有宗教信仰自由的权利，信教或不信教完全由公民自由选择，受法律的保护，任何机关、团体和个人不得干涉。截至2008年，全区有清真寺、教堂、佛道教寺庙等宗教活动场所约2.48万座、宗教教职人员2.9万多人、宗教团体91个、宗教院校2所。20世纪80年代以来，新疆赴沙特朝觐的人数已累计超过5万人，近年朝觐人数保持在每年2700人左右。截至2008年，新疆宗教界人士在各级人民代表大会、政治协商会议担任职务的有1800多人，他们代表信教群众积极参政议政，并对政府贯彻宗教信仰自由政策进行监督。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In Xinjiang, people of all ethnic groups fully enjoy the right of freedom in religious belief. The people's freedom to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion is protected by the law, and no state organ, public organization or individual may interfere with their choice. By the end of 2008, the autonomous region had 24,800 venues for religious activities, including mosques, churches and temples, in addition to over 29,000 clerical personnel, 91 religious organizations and two religious colleges. Since the 1980s, more than 50,000 people from Xinjiang have made pilgrimages to Mecca in Saudi Arabia. In recent years, the number of people from Xinjiang who make the pilgrimage each year has been around 2,700. By 2008, over 1,800 religious personages in Xinjiang had been elected to posts in people's congresses and committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference at all levels. They have actively participated in deliberation and administration of state affairs on behalf of religious believers, and in exercising supervision over the government in respect to the implementation of the policy of freedom of religious belief.
国家和自治区依照法律法规对宗教事务进行管理，依法保护宗教团体、宗教活动场所和信教公民的合法权益。多年来，国务院颁布了《宗教事务条例》，自治区人大常委会制定颁布了《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教事务管理条例》，自治区人民政府制定了《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教活动场所管理暂行规则》、《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教教职人员管理暂行规定》、《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教活动管理暂行规定》等三个政府规章。这些法规和规章进一步明确公民有宗教信仰自由权利，国家依法保护正常的宗教活动，维护宗教团体、宗教活动场所和信教公民的合法权益；宗教团体、宗教活动场所和信教公民应当遵守宪法、法律、法规和规章，维护国家统一、民族团结和社会稳定；任何组织或者个人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度，以及其他损害国家利益、社会公共利益和公民合法权益的活动，不得利用宗教干预国家行政、司法等国家职能的实施等基本原则。
The state and the government of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region administer religious affairs and protect the legal rights and interests of believers, religious organizations and venues for religious activities in accordance with the laws. The State Council promulgated the "Regulations on Religious Affairs." The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region formulated and promulgated the "Regulations for the Administration of Religious Affairs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region." The government of the autonomous region formulated the "Provisional Regulations for the Administration of Religious Activity Venues in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region," "Provisional Regulations for the Administration of Clergy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" and "Provisional Regulations for the Administration of Religious Activities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region." These regulations further clarify that the citizens enjoy the right of freedom in religious belief, and the country protects normal religious activities, as well as the legal rights and interests of believers, religious organizations and venues for religious activities in accordance with the law; that believers, religious organizations and venues for religious activities should abide by the Constitution and related laws and regulations, and safeguard national unification, ethnic unity and social stability; that no organization or individual may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the state educational system, or in activities that harm state and public interests, as well as citizens' legal rights and interests; and that no one should use religion to interfere in the performing of administrative and judicial functions by the state.
自治区依照相关法律、法规和规章，保护在宗教活动场所内以及按宗教习惯在信徒自己家里进行的一切正常的宗教活动，拜佛、诵经、烧香、礼拜、祈祷、讲经、讲道、弥撒、受洗、受戒、封斋、过宗教节日、终傅、追思等，都由宗教组织和信徒自理，受法律保护，任何人不得加以干涉。依法制止利用宗教干预国家行政、司法、教育、婚姻、民事诉讼等活动。
According to corresponding laws and regulations, the autonomous region protects all normal religious activities held either at venues for religious activities or in believers' own homes in accordance with customary religious practices, such as worshipping Buddha, reciting scriptures, burning incense, worshipping, praying, preaching, attending Mass, being baptized or ordained, celebrating religious festivals, observing extreme unction, and holding memorial ceremonies, which are all protected by law as the affairs of religious bodies or believers themselves and may not be interfered with. However, the autonomous region shall ban, in accordance with the law, activities that make use of religion to intervene in the performing of administrative and judicial functions of the state, as well as education, marriage or civil lawsuits.
在新疆，宗教事业正常有序发展。目前已发行了维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、柯尔克孜等文字的《古兰经》、《布哈里圣训实录精华》、《古兰经》注释、《卧尔兹选编》等宗教经典、宗教书籍和汉、维吾尔文版的《新编卧尔兹演讲集》系列及《中国穆斯林》杂志，数量达到100多万册。新疆大量的清真寺被列入国家、自治区、县级重点文物保护单位。1999年中央政府就拨款760万元人民币用于重修乌鲁木齐的洋行大寺、伊宁拜图拉清真寺、和田加麦大寺。喀什艾提尕尔清真寺、香妃墓（阿帕克和卓麻扎）和吐鲁番苏公塔，多次由政府拨款修缮。仅2008年国家就拨款3300万元人民币，用于艾提尕尔清真寺和香妃墓的修缮。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Religious affairs are developing in a normal and orderly manner in Xinjiang. Religious classics and books and magazines have been published, including the Koran, Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari, Koran with Annotations and Selected Works of Waez, in Uyghur, Han, Kazak and Kirgiz languages, as well as the New Collection of Waez's Speeches series and the magazine China's Muslims in Uyghur and Han languages, the later with a circulation of over one million. Large numbers of mosques in Xinjiang have been designated as key cultural relics sites under the protection of the state, the autonomous region and the various counties. In 1999, the central government allocated 7.6 million yuan for the reconstruction of the Yanghang Mosque in Urumqi, the Baytulla Mosque in Yining and the Jamae Mosque in Hotan. The government has also, on several occasions, allocated special funds for the maintenance and repair of the Idkah Mosque in Kashi and Tomb of the Fragrant Imperial Concubine (Apak Hoja Mazzar), and Sulayman's Minaret in Turpan. In 2008 alone, 33 million yuan was allocated by the state for the maintenance and repair of Idkah Mosque and the Tomb of the Fragrant Imperial Concubine.
新疆现有10个少数民族的大多数群众信仰伊斯兰教，人口1130多万。伊斯兰教清真寺由改革开放之初的2000多座发展到现在的约2.43万座，教职人员由3000多人增加到2.8万多人。新疆伊斯兰教经学院成立以来，使用维吾尔语等少数民族语言授课，为全疆各地培养了489名伊玛目、哈提甫或宗教学校教师,现有在校生161人。2001－2008年，新疆伊斯兰教经文学校培训宗教教职人员达2万多人次。由各地（州、市）伊斯兰教协会举办的经文学校、经文班和宗教人士代培的塔里甫有3133名，毕业塔里甫1518名，已有803名担任宗教教职。从2001年开始，为了培养高层次的伊斯兰教教职人员，新疆先后选派47人赴埃及、巴基斯坦等伊斯兰国家的伊斯兰教高等学府留学深造。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Now, most people of Xinjiang's 10 major ethnic minority groups, with a total population of over 11.3 million, believe in Islam. The number of Islamic mosques has soared from 2,000 in the early days of the reform and opening-up drive to 24,300 now, and the body of clergy from 3,000 to over 28,000. Since its founding, the Xinjiang Islamic Institute gives lessons in Uyghur and other minority languages and has trained 489 Imams, Hatips or other teachers for religious schools in the autonomous region. It currently has 161 students. From 2001 to 2008, the Xinjiang Islamic School trained more than 20,000 clerics. In addition, 3,133 Talips were trained by religious personages, in Islamic schools and classes operated by Islamic associations in the various prefectures and prefecture-level cities. Among them, 1,518 have graduated and 803 taken up clerical posts. In an attempt to cultivate high-caliber clerical personnel of Islam, since 2001, the regional government has sent 47 clerics for training in colleges and universities in Egypt and Pakistan.
历史上，新疆地区不同宗教之间、同一宗教的不同教派之间发生过很多冲突。10世纪中叶，信仰伊斯兰教的喀喇汗王朝和信仰佛教的于阗王国进行了40余年的宗教战争；明清时期，伊斯兰教内部进行了几百年的争斗。这些宗教之间的战争和宗教内部的争斗，严重影响了各宗教和教派之间的团结、社会的和谐与稳定。新中国成立以来，宗教信仰自由政策的贯彻实施和对宗教事务的依法管理，促进了新疆各宗教的和睦相处，信教和不信教公民以及不同宗教信仰公民的相互尊重和理解，各族群众没有因为宗教信仰的不同和教派的不同而产生矛盾和冲突。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Historically, the region witnessed many conflicts between different religions and between different sects of the same religion. In the mid-10th century, the Islamic Karahan Kingdom waged a religious war against the Buddhist kingdom of Yutian, lasting for more than 40 years. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, religious battles continued for several hundred years within Islamic circles. These wars between and within religions seriously jeopardized the unity between different religions and between different sects, as well as general social harmony and stability. Since the founding of the PRC, the implementation of the policy of freedom in religious belief and administration of religious affairs in accordance with the law have promoted peace and harmony between different religions in Xinjiang, as well as mutual respect and understanding between religious and non-religious citizens and between citizens believing in different religions. There have been no modern conflicts or clashes caused by differences in religion or religious sect.
七、维护国家统一和社会稳定
VII. Safeguarding National Unity and Social Stability
新疆的发展与进步，是在中华人民共和国这个统一的多民族国家中实现的，是在稳定的社会环境中实现的，也是各族人民共同团结奋斗的结果。离开了国家统一，离开了社会稳定，离开了民族团结，新疆的一切都无从谈起。多年来，境内外“东突”势力不顾新疆各族人民福祉，鼓吹民族分裂主义，在新疆策划组织实施了一系列暴力恐怖活动，危害国家统一、社会稳定和民族团结，严重干扰和破坏了新疆的发展与进步。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The development and progress of Xinjiang are achieved in the People's Republic of China, a unified multiethnic country, and in a stable social environment, and are the results of concerted efforts of the people of all ethnic groups. All these achievements would have been impossible for Xinjiang without national unification, social stability, or ethnic unity. For years, the "East Turkistan" forces in and outside Xinjiang, without any regard for the well-being of the diverse peoples of Xinjiang, have been trumpeting national separatism, and plotted and organized a number of bloody incidents of terror and violence, seriously jeopardizing national unification, social stability and ethnic unity, thus seriously disrupting Xinjiang's development and progress.
长期以来，“东突”势力不断制造分裂活动。“东突”为“东突厥斯坦”简称，“东突厥斯坦”一词出现于19世纪末期。20世纪初，部分狂热的新疆分裂分子与宗教极端势力，将“东突”一词进一步政治化，编造了一套“东突厥斯坦独立”的“思想理论体系”。新疆形形色色的分裂分子打着“东突”的旗号，形成“东突”势力，企图建立所谓“东突厥斯坦国”分裂政权。20世纪30年代初和40年代中期，“东突”势力在外国势力的怂恿、支持下，公然打出“杀汉灭回”和“反汉排汉”等口号，制造动乱、滥杀无辜，企图分裂祖国，建立非法政权，遭到了各族人民的坚决反对。
Over a long period of time, the "East Turkistan" forces have unremittingly instigated separatist activities. The term "East Turkistan" first appeared in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, a tiny number of separatists and religious extremists in Xinjiang further politicized the term "East Turkistan," and fabricated an "ideological and theoretical system" about the "independence of East Turkistan." Separatists of different shades in Xinjiang raised the banner of "East Turkistan" and formed "East Turkistan" forces, trying to establish a so-called "East Turkistan" separatist regime. From the early 1930sto the mid-1940s, with the instigation and support of hostile foreign forces, the "East Turkistan" forces shouted slogans like "killing the Han and annihilating the Hui" and "opposing and expelling the Han," creating many disturbances and even wantonly slaughtering innocent people in their attempt to split the motherland and set up an illegal regime. What they did met strong opposition from people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.
新中国成立后，新疆形成了民族团结和社会稳定的大好局面，但是从旧中国延续下来的“东突”势力依旧存在，潜流涌动。在境外一些势力的支持下，境内外“东突”势力一再制造骚乱和武装暴乱，企图分裂国家。20世纪90年代以来，受恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义的影响，境内外“东突”势力转向以实施暴力恐怖为主要手段进行分裂活动，“东突”势力的恐怖性质逐步为全世界所认识。2002年，“东突厥斯坦伊斯兰运动”（简称“东伊运”）被联合国安理会列入恐怖主义制裁名单。近年来，“东突”势力为逃避打击，打着“民主”、“人权”、“自由”的幌子，极力洗刷恐怖罪名，变换手法继续从事反华分裂活动。2004年，“东突”势力在境外拼凑成立了“世界维吾尔代表大会”（简称“世维会”）。此后，“东突”势力一直在密谋策划分裂和暴力破坏活动。“东突”势力一方面加紧向意识形态领域渗透，鼓吹分裂思想，宣扬“圣战”；另一方面加紧制造暴力恐怖活动，组织、唆使中国境内的一些人出境接受宗教极端思想、分裂思想和暴力恐怖技能的培训，公开号召中国境内的极端分子通过爆炸、投毒等手段，针对幼儿园、学校、政府等目标制造恐怖事件或袭击中国武装力量和政府部门。
Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has entered a new stage, enjoying ethnic unity and social stability. However, the "East Turkistan" forces have persisted, carrying out clandestine actions. Supported by hostile foreign forces, the "East Turkistan" forces both inside and outside China created many riots and launched armed insurrection in their attempt to split the country. In the 1990s, influenced by terrorism, separatism and extremism, the "East Turkistan" forces both inside and outside China turned to terrorist violence as the chief means of their separatist activities. The terrorist nature of the "East Turkistan" forces was eventually recognized by the whole world. In 2002, the United Nations Security Council added the "East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM)" to its sanction list of terrorist groups. In recent years, the "East Turkistan" forces have continued separatist activities under the banners of "democracy," "human rights" and "freedom," trying to escape strikes against them or to clear themselves of the name of terrorism. In 2004, the "East Turkistan" forces patched together the World Uyghur Congress (WUC) outside China. Since then, they have plotted and organized a number of separatist and sabotage actions. On the one hand, they have stepped up infiltration to the ideological field by preaching separatism and "holy war"; on the other, they have intensified their efforts in the acts of terror and violence, organizing and instigating some individuals within China to go abroad to receive training in religious extremism, separatism and terrorist skills, and openly calling on extremists inside China to create terrorist incidents, including bombings and poisonings aiming at kindergartens, schools and the government institutions, or attacking China's military forces and government departments.
2008年以来“东突”势力开始新一轮的破坏活动，针对北京奥运会先后制造了多起暴力恐怖事件。特别是2009年7月5日发生的新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件，是由境内外恐怖主义势力、分裂主义势力、极端主义势力精心策划组织的，给各族群众生命财产造成重大损失，给当地正常秩序和社会稳定造成严重破坏。事件发生后，中央政府和自治区政府、中央和国家机关有关部门、军队和武警部队，紧紧依靠各族干部群众，坚决维护社会稳定、维护社会主义法制、维护人民群众根本利益，采取果断有力措施，依法坚决制止暴力犯罪行为，迅速平息事态，恢复了乌鲁木齐社会稳定。
Since 2008, the "East Turkistan" forces have started a new round of sabotage activities, and created a number of bloody incidents of terror and violence aimed at the Beijing Olympics. In particular, the seriously violent incident of July 5, 2009, which erupted in Urumqi, capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, was masterminded by terrorist, separatist and extremist forces both inside and outside China. The violence caused great damage to the lives and property of people of all ethnic groups, seriously jeopardizing the normal order and social stability of the region. After the eruption of the riots, the central government and the government of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, relevant departments of the central and state organs, the military and armed police relied firmly on the cadres and masses of all ethnic groups to safeguard social stability, the socialist legal system and fundamental interests of the people, and took decisive and powerful measures to stop the violence in accordance with the law, to quickly bring the incident to an end and restore social stability in Urumqi.
“东突”势力对新疆的发展稳定构成严重威胁。
The "East Turkistan" forces pose a severe threat to the development and stability of Xinjiang.
“东突”势力严重侵害新疆各族人民生存和发展的基本人权。20世纪90年代以来，“东突”势力大量组织实施暴力恐怖活动，严重侵害新疆各族人民的生命财产安全。据不完全统计，1990年至2001年，境内外“东突”势力采取爆炸、暗杀、投毒、纵火、袭击、骚乱及暴乱等方式，在中国新疆境内制造了200余起暴力恐怖事件，造成各民族群众、基层干部、宗教人士等162人丧生，440多人受伤。2002年后，又先后在新疆境内制造多起暴力恐怖事件。乌鲁木齐“7·5”事件给各族人民的生命和财产造成了巨大损失。截至2009年7月17日，造成197人死亡（其中绝大部分是无辜群众）、1700多人受伤，331个店铺和1325辆汽车被砸烧，众多市政公共设施被损毁。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The "East Turkistan" forces have seriously violated the basic human rights to life and development of all the peoples of Xinjiang. Since the 1990s, the "East Turkistan" forces have organized large numbers of acts of terror and violence, seriously jeopardizing the security of lives and property of people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. According to incomplete statistics, from 1990 to 2001, the "East Turkistan" forces both inside and outside China created more than 200 bloody incidents of terror and violence in Xinjiang, by means of explosions, assassinations, poisoning, arson, attacking, riots and assaults. As a result, 162 citizens, including people of various ethnicities, cadres at the grassroots level and religious personnel, lost their lives, and over 440 were wounded. In 2002 they again organized several bloody incidents of terror and violence in Xinjiang. The most recent "July 5" riot in Urumqi caused huge losses in lives and property of the people of various ethnic groups. By July 17, 2009, 197 people died (most being innocent victims) and over 1,700 were injured, with 331 shops and 1,325 motor vehicles destroyed or burned, and many public facilities were damaged.
“东突”势力严重干扰破坏新疆的经济发展。一是投资环境遭到严重破坏，外地对新疆的投资大幅减少。在1997－1998年暴力恐怖犯罪的高发期里，新疆经济发展明显减缓，尤其是引进投资呈现下滑趋势，许多外商纷纷撤资，使新疆失去不少发展机会。1997年伊宁“2·5”事件后，伊犁地区经济在一段时间内呈大滑坡态势，房地产市场萧条，税收大幅下降，许多投资者对伊宁投资环境产生疑问，刚刚发展起来的伊宁经济技术开发区一度陷入半瘫痪状态，经济状况严重恶化。二是直接冲击新疆旅游业。旅游业是新疆的重要产业。乌鲁木齐“7·5”事件给新疆旅游业带来了较大的冲击，一时间游客骤然减少，收入大幅下降。三是分散了宝贵资源。为维护国家安全和社会稳定，大量人力、物力和财力被投入到防范和打击暴力恐怖犯罪上。四是破坏了新疆的对外交往。新疆的国际通道建设、对外贸易等受到严重影响。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The "East Turkistan" forces have seriously interrupted the economic development of Xinjiang. Firstly, they have seriously undermined the environment for investment, as evidenced by the drastic reduction in investment from other parts of the country. From 1997 to 1998, when crimes of terror and violence were frequent, the economic development of Xinjiang witnessed a remarkable slowdown. Primarily, outside investment declined as foreign investors withdrew their funding one after another, thus depriving Xinjiang of many development opportunities. After the eruption of the "February 5" riots in Yining in 1997, the economy of Ili Prefecture suffered a prolonged slump, with a depression in the real-estate market and drastic reduction in tax revenues. Many investors began to have doubts about Yining's investment environment, and the newly developed Yining Economic and Technological Zone grinded to a half-standstill. Secondly, tourism suffered as a result. Tourism is an important industry in Xinjiang. The "July 5" riot in Urumqi produced a serious adverse impact on Xinjiang's tourism, causing a sudden drop in both the number of tourists and revenue of tourism. Thirdly, precious resources have been dispersed. Plenty of human, material and financial resources have had to be put to guard against and combat crimes of terror and violence in order to safeguard the security of the country and social stability. Fourthly, exchanges between Xinjiang and foreign countries have been interrupted. The development of international thoroughfares and foreign trade in Xinjiang has been seriously affected.
“东突”势力还对地区安全与稳定构成了威胁。以“东伊运”为代表的多个“东突”恐怖组织长期在中亚、南亚等地活动，在这些地区制造了多起暗杀、纵火及袭警等暴力恐怖事件，而且还秘密参与国际恐怖组织的恐怖活动，对有关国家的和平稳定造成威胁。
In addition, the "East Turkistan" forces pose a threat to regional security and stability. The "East Turkistan" terrorist organizations, with ETIM as representative, have carried out actions in Central and South Asia over a long period of time, creating many bloody incidents of terror and violence, including assassinations, arson and attacks on police. They also secretly participated in terrorist activities plotted by international terrorist organizations, posing a threat to the peace and stability of all countries concerned.
“东突”势力对新疆各族人民实施的暴力恐怖活动，是对中国宪法和法律的公开挑战，是严重的反社会、反人类的暴力犯罪行为。国家统一是新疆各族人民根本利益之所在，社会稳定是新疆发展进步的前提和保障，民族团结是新疆各族人民的生命线。民族团结是各族人民之福，民族分裂是各族人民之祸。中国政府依法打击“东突”势力的破坏活动，为新疆的发展进步创造一个安定、祥和的社会环境，符合新疆各族人民的共同心愿，得到了各族人民的衷心拥护和大力支持。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Terrorist activities organized by the "East Turkistan" forces aimed against the various ethnic groups of Xinjiang pose an open challenge to the Constitution and laws of China, and are serious crimes of violence against society and humanity. National unification is in the fundamental interests of all peoples of Xinjiang; social stability is a prerequisite and guarantee of Xinjiang's development; and ethnic unity is the lifeblood of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Ethnic unity is a blessing for all peoples, while separatism would be disastrous. The Chinese government has, in accordance with the law, combated the sabotage activities of the "East Turkistan" forces to create a stable and peaceful social environment for Xinjiang's development. It is in keeping with the common aspirations of all peoples of Xinjiang and therefore has won their genuine backing and active support.
结束语
Conclusion
新疆的发展与进步有目共睹。
Xinjiang's development and progress is there for all to see.
今天，新疆各族人民更加清醒地认识到，国家统一，民族团结，社会稳定，各族人民休戚与共、和睦相处、和谐发展，是新疆发展与进步的生命线。新疆各族人民十分珍惜来之不易的大好局面，坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇，坚持维护社会大局稳定不动摇，坚持各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展不动摇，同呼吸、共命运、心连心，巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系，不断推进新疆的发展与进步。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Today, it has become clearer for the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang that national unification, ethnic unity, social stability, plus the coexistence and development in harmony of all peoples who share weal and woe are the lifeblood for the region's development and progress. The people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang cherish dearly this hard-earned remarkable situation. They will keep taking economic construction as the core, while safeguarding social stability and working together with the people of all ethnic groups in China to strive for common prosperity. They will share in a common destiny, consolidate and develop socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, to unremittingly advance Xinjiang's development.
美丽而富饶的新疆在中国人民心中的地位是崇高的，守护与建设这片土地的新疆各族人民是伟大而光荣的。当前，中国人民正在为建设一个富强、民主、文明、和谐的社会主义现代化国家而奋斗。有中国共产党和中央政府的关怀和支持，有新疆各族人民团结一心、共同奋斗，伴随国家的发展与进步，新疆的明天一定会更加美好。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
With its beautiful and fertile lands, Xinjiang enjoys an elevated place in the Chinese people's hearts. The people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang who protect and develop the land are great and honorable. At present, the Chinese people are striving toward building a modern socialist nation characterized by prosperity, democracy, civilization and harmony. With the care and support of the Communist Party of China and the central government, following the country's development, all the peoples of Xinjiang, united as one through common efforts, will ensure a brighter future for Xinjiang.
