双语：《新时代的中国绿色发展》白皮书

新时代的中国绿色发展

China’s Green Development in the New Era

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

（2023年1月）

January 2023

前言

Preface

一、坚定不移走绿色发展之路

I. Staying Firmly Committed to Green Development

二、绿色空间格局基本形成

II. A Basic Green Territorial Configuration Is in Place

三、产业结构持续调整优化

III. Adjusting and Improving the Industrial Structure

五、绿色生活方式渐成时尚

V. Eco-Friendly Living Becomes the Prevailing Ethos

六、绿色发展体制机制逐步完善

VI. Improving the Institutions and Mechanisms for Green Development

七、携手共建美丽地球家园

VII. Building the Earth into a Beautiful Home

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Preface

绿色是生命的象征、大自然的底色，良好生态环境是美好生活的基础、人民共同的期盼。绿色发展是顺应自然、促进人与自然和谐共生的发展，是用最少资源环境代价取得最大经济社会效益的发展，是高质量、可持续的发展，已经成为各国共识。

Green is the color of nature and the symbol of life. A sound eco-environment is the basic foundation for a better life, and the common aspiration of the people. Green development is development that follows the laws of nature to promote harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, development that obtains the maximum social and economic benefits at minimum cost in resources and environmental impact, and sustainable and high-quality development that protects the eco-environment. It has become the goal of all countries.

几千年来，中华民族尊重自然、保护自然，生生不息、繁衍发展，倡导“天人合一”是中华文明的鲜明特色。改革开放以来，中国把节约资源和保护环境确立为基本国策，把可持续发展确立为国家战略，大力推进社会主义生态文明建设。

Respecting and protecting nature has made an important contribution to the survival and prosperity of the Chinese nation over thousands of years. The concept of “harmony between humanity and nature” is a distinct characteristic of Chinese civilization. To vigorously promote the building of a socialist eco-civilization, China has established a fundamental national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment, and a national strategy of sustainable development since the launch of reform and opening up.

中共十八大以来，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，中国坚持绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化，创造了举世瞩目的生态奇迹和绿色发展奇迹，美丽中国建设迈出重大步伐。绿色成为新时代中国的鲜明底色，绿色发展成为中国式现代化的显著特征，广袤中华大地天更蓝、山更绿、水更清，人民享有更多、更普惠、更可持续的绿色福祉。中国的绿色发展，为地球增添了更多“中国绿”，扩大了全球绿色版图，既造福了中国，也造福了世界。

Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has firmly upheld the belief that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. It has prioritized eco-environmental conservation and green development, promoted the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, and achieved modernization based on harmony between humanity and nature. Wonders have been accomplished in eco-environmental protection and green development, and great strides have been made in building a beautiful China. Green is the defining feature of China in the new era and green development features the Chinese path to modernization. With more blue skies, green mountains, and lucid waters, the Chinese people could enjoy more accessible and sustainable green benefits. China’s green development has helped to expand the greening areas of its own land and the earth, benefitting both China and the world at large.

作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国秉持人类命运共同体理念，坚定践行多边主义，提出全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议，深化务实合作，积极参与全球环境与气候治理，为落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，推动全球可持续发展，共同构建人与自然生命共同体，共建繁荣清洁美丽的世界贡献了中国智慧、中国力量。

As the world’s largest developing country, China is committed to the idea of a global community of shared future. It has offered unwavering support to multilateralism, proposed the Global Development Initiative and the Global Security Initiative, expanded practical cooperation, and actively participated in global environment and climate governance. It has contributed Chinese wisdom and strength to implementing the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, creating a community of life for humanity and nature, and building a clean, beautiful and prosperous world of sustainable development.

为全面介绍新时代中国绿色发展理念、实践与成效，分享中国绿色发展经验，特发布本白皮书。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present a full picture of China’s ideas, actions, and achievements in green development in the new era, and to share with the world its experience in this regard.

一、坚定不移走绿色发展之路

I. Staying Firmly Committed to Green Development

中国顺应人民对美好生活的新期待，树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，站在人与自然和谐共生的高度谋划发展，协同推进经济社会高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护，走出了一条生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。

To meet the people’s desire for a better life, China has treated lucid waters and lush mountains as invaluable assets and worked to maintain harmony between humanity and nature in its development. China favors high-quality economic growth, high-level environmental protection, and a path of sound development based on higher economic output and living standards, and healthy ecosystems.

（一）坚持以人民为中心的发展思想

1. Applying a people-centered development philosophy

以人民为中心是中国共产党的执政理念，良好生态环境是最公平的公共产品、最普惠的民生福祉。随着中国现代化建设的不断推进和人民生活水平的不断提高，人民对优美生态环境的需要更加迫切，生态环境在人民生活幸福指数中的地位不断凸显。中国顺应人民日益增长的优美生态环境需要，坚持生态惠民、生态利民、生态为民，大力推行绿色生产生活方式，重点解决损害群众健康的突出环境问题，持续改善生态环境质量，提供更多优质生态产品，让人民在优美生态环境中有更多的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

The people-centered philosophy is a governing principle of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and a sound eco-environment is the fairest public product and the most inclusive public benefit. As China’s modernization advances and living standards improve, the popular demand for a beautiful environment is growing. In the people’s happiness index, the weight of environment has increased. To meet the growing demand for a beautiful environment, China has strengthened eco-environmental conservation and protection and vigorously promoted eco-friendly ways of work and life. It has focused on solving the major environmental problems that seriously endanger people’s health, improved the quality of the environment and ecosystems, and provided more quality eco-environmental goods, so as to help people feel happier, more satisfied, and more secure in a beautiful environment.

（二）着眼中华民族永续发展

2. Focusing on sustainable development in China

生态兴则文明兴，生态衰则文明衰。大自然是人类赖以生存发展的基本条件，只有尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，才能实现可持续发展。中国立足环境容量有限、生态系统脆弱的现实国情，既为当代发展谋、也为子孙万代计，把生态文明建设作为关系中华民族永续发展的根本大计，既要金山银山也要绿水青山，推动绿水青山转化为金山银山，让自然财富、生态财富源源不断带来经济财富、社会财富，实现经济效益、生态效益、社会效益同步提升，建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化。

Society will prosper when the environment improves, and lose vigor as the environment degrades. Nature provides the basic conditions for human survival and development. Respecting, accommodating, and protecting nature is essential for sustainable development. Bearing in mind that its environmental capacity is limited and its ecosystem is fragile, China has not only pursued development for the present generation, but also mapped out plans for generations to come. It regards eco-environmental conservation as fundamental to sustainable development in China. It values both the environment and economic development, works to translate eco-environmental strengths into development strengths, and always looks to realize the economic and social value that lucid waters and lush mountains have, which will bring about financial returns, eco-environmental benefits, social benefits, and harmony between humanity and nature.

（三）坚持系统观念统筹推进

3. Applying systems thinking and a coordinated approach

绿色发展是对生产方式、生活方式、思维方式和价值观念的全方位、革命性变革。中国把系统观念贯穿到经济社会发展和生态环境保护全过程，正确处理发展和保护、全局和局部、当前和长远等一系列关系，构建科学适度有序的国土空间布局体系、绿色低碳循环发展的经济体系、约束和激励并举的制度体系，统筹产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护、应对气候变化，协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长，推进生态优先、节约集约、绿色低碳发展，形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型。

Green development is an all-round revolutionary change in our values, and in how we work, live, and think. China has applied systems thinking to the whole process of economic and social development and eco-environmental conservation and protection. It has taken a sound approach to the relationships between development and protection, between overall and local interests, and between the present and the future. It has taken a scientific, moderate, and orderly approach to the use of territorial space, and promoted a sound economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon, and circular development. It has fostered an institutional system that combines both constraints and incentives to coordinate industrial restructuring, pollution control, eco-environmental conservation, and climate response. China has endeavored to cut carbon emissions, reduce pollution, expand green development, and pursue economic growth. It has prioritized eco-environmental protection, conserves resources and uses them efficiently for green and low-carbon development. It has developed spatial configurations, industrial structures, and ways of work and life that help conserve resources and protect the environment, and promoted greener economic and social development in all respects.

（四）共谋全球可持续发展

4. Working together for global sustainable development

保护生态环境、应对气候变化，是全人类的共同责任。只有世界各国团结合作、共同努力，携手推进绿色可持续发展，才能维持地球生态整体平衡，守护好全人类赖以生存的唯一家园。中国站在对人类文明负责的高度，积极参与全球环境治理，向世界承诺力争于2030年前实现碳达峰、努力争取2060年前实现碳中和，以“碳达峰碳中和”目标为牵引推动绿色转型，以更加积极的姿态开展绿色发展双多边国际合作，推动构建公平合理、合作共赢的全球环境治理体系，为全球可持续发展贡献智慧和力量。

Protecting the environment and countering climate change are the common responsibilities of all countries. Only when all countries unite and work together to promote green and sustainable development can we maintain the overall balance in the earth’s ecology and protect humanity’s one and only home. China has shouldered its responsibilities, actively participated in global environmental governance, and pledged to reach carbon emissions peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. It will advance the green transition with these goals as the lead, play a more active part in bilateral and multilateral international cooperation on green development, promote a fair and equitable system of global environmental governance, and contribute its wisdom and strength to global sustainable development.

二、绿色空间格局基本形成

II. A Basic Green TerritorialConfiguration Is in Place

中国积极健全国土空间体系，加强生产、生活、生态空间用途统筹和协调管控，加大生态系统保护修复力度，有效扩大生态环境容量，推动自然财富、生态财富快速积累，生态环境保护发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化，为经济社会持续健康发展提供有力支撑。

China is making efforts to optimize its governing system of territorial space. The country has strengthened the overall planning and coordinated management and control of territorial space for working and living and for the environment. It has intensified efforts to protect and restore ecosystems, effectively expanded the capacity of the eco-environment, and promoted the rapid accumulation of natural wealth and eco-environ-mental wealth, leading to historic, transformative, and comprehensive changes in eco-environmental protection and providing strong support for the sustainable and healthy development of the economy and society.

（一）优化国土空间开发保护格局

1. Optimizing the development and protection of territorial space

国土是绿色发展的空间载体。中国实施主体功能区战略，建立全国统一、责权清晰、科学高效的国土空间规划体系，统筹人口分布、经济布局、国土利用、生态环境保护等因素，整体谋划国土空间开发保护，实现国土空间开发保护更高质量、更可持续。

A country’s territorial space is the carrier for green development. China has implemented a functional zoning strategy and established a unified territorial space planning system that is science-based, efficient and built upon clearly defined powers and responsibilities. Taking into consideration factors such as population distribution, regional economic structures, land use, and eco-environmental protection, it has planned for the development and protection of territorial space with a holistic approach, so as to achieve higher-quality and more sustainable development of its territorial space.

实现国土空间规划“多规合一”。将主体功能区规划、土地利用规划、城乡规划等空间规划融合为统一的国土空间规划，逐步建立“多规合一”的规划编制审批体系、实施监督体系、法规政策体系和技术标准体系，强化国土空间规划对各专项规划的指导约束作用，加快完成各级各类国土空间规划编制，逐步形成全国国土空间开发保护“一张图”。

China has integrated different plans into a single master plan for territorial space development. It has integrated functional zoning, land use, urban and rural planning, and other spatial planning into a unified territorial space plan. A comprehensive system integrating planning approval, implementation supervision, regulations, policies and technical standards is taking shape. The role of territorial space planning has been strengthened in guiding and constraining various specific plans. It has sped up the drafting of various plans for territorial space at all levels. As a result, an overall master plan will eventually be drawn up for the development and protection of territorial space.

统筹优化国土空间布局。以全国国土调查成果为基础，开展资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价，科学布局农业、生态、城镇等功能空间，优化农产品主产区、重点生态功能区、城市化地区三大空间格局。统筹划定耕地和永久基本农田、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界等空间管控边界以及各类海域保护线，强化底线约束，统一国土空间用途管制，筑牢国家安全发展的空间基础。

Concerted efforts have been made to optimize the use of territorial space. Based on the results of national land resource surveys, China has carried out an evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and the environment, and suitability of land development. It has scientifically designated agricultural, ecological, urban and other functional zones, and improved the territorial space layout that consists of three major zones – main agricultural production zones, key ecosystem service zones and urbanized zones. To strengthen national and regional eco-environmental security, China has designated permanent basic cropland, drawn red lines for eco-environmental protection, delineated boundaries for urban development, and set protection lines for all types of sea areas, in a coordinated manner. It has established centralized control over the use of territorial space and ensured that these lines are not crossed.

加强重点生态功能区管理。着力防控化解生态风险，将承担水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙和生物多样性保护等重要生态功能的县级行政区确定为重点生态功能区，以保护生态环境、提供生态产品为重点，限制大规模高强度工业化城镇化开发，推动自然生态系统总体稳定向好，生态服务功能逐步增强，生态产品供给水平持续提升。

China has strengthened the management of key ecosystem service zones and endeavored to prevent and control eco-environmental risks. County- level administrative units that perform important ecological functions such as water conservation, soil and water conservation, inhibiting winds, fixing sand, and protecting biodiversity are designated as key ecosystem service zones, which should focus on protecting the environment and providing eco-environmental products and be restricted from large-scale industrialization and urbanization. As a result, China’s natural ecosystems are generally stable or improving, eco-environmental services have improved, and the supply of eco-environmental products has continued to increase.

（二）强化生态系统保护修复

2. Strengthening eco-environmental conservation and restoration

山水林田湖草沙是生命共同体。中国加强系统治理、综合治理、源头治理和依法治理，坚持保护优先、自然恢复为主，大力推动生态系统保护修复，筑牢国家生态安全屏障，筑牢中华民族永续发展的根基。

Mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts are communities of life. China has stepped up systematic, comprehensive, and law-based environment governance, tackling problems at their sources. Prioritizing protection and focusing on natural restoration, it has vigorously pressed forward with the protection and restoration of ecosystems, so as to build a solid national eco-environmental security barrier and strengthen the foundations for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.

初步建立新型自然保护地体系。自然保护地是生态建设的核心载体。中国努力构建以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、各类自然公园为补充的自然保护地体系，正式设立三江源、大熊猫、东北虎豹、海南热带雨林、武夷山首批5个国家公园，积极稳妥有序推进生态重要区域国家公园创建。截至2021年底，已建立各级各类自然保护地近万处，占国土陆域面积的17%以上，90%的陆地自然生态系统类型和74%的国家重点保护野生动植物物种得到了有效保护。

A new type of protected area (PA) system has been set up. PAs are major platforms for eco-environmental conservation. China is developing a PA system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by nature parks. It has created its first batch of five national parks – the Three-River-Source National Park, the Giant Panda National Park, the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, and the Wuyishan National Park. It is making steady progress in building national parks in environmentally important regions. As of the end of 2021, nearly 10,000 PAs of various types and levels had been established, covering more than 17 percent of China’s land area, bringing under effective protection 90 percent of its natural terrestrial ecosystem types and 74 percent of key state-protected wildlife species.

科学划定生态保护红线。生态保护红线是国家生态安全的底线和生命线。中国将生态功能极重要、生态极脆弱以及具有潜在重要生态价值的区域划入生态保护红线，包括整合优化后的自然保护地，实现一条红线管控重要生态空间。截至目前，中国陆域生态保护红线面积占陆域国土面积比例超过30%。通过划定生态保护红线和编制生态保护修复规划，巩固了以青藏高原生态屏障区、黄河重点生态区（含黄土高原生态屏障）、长江重点生态区（含川滇生态屏障）、东北森林带、北方防沙带、南方丘陵山地带、海岸带等为依托的“三区四带”生态安全格局。

Setting up scientific eco-environmental conservation red lines (ECRLs). ECRLs are the lifeline of national eco-environmental security. China has brought functional areas of vital importance, exceedingly fragile areas, and areas of potentially vital eco-environmental value within the scope of the ECRL framework. More than 30 percent of China’s land area – including integrated and optimized PAs – is now under the protection of ECRLs. Through drawing ECRLs and drafting ecological protection and restoration plans, the country has consolidated an overall eco-environmental conservation configuration composed of Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts – the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, the Yellow River Eco-zone (including the Loess Plateau Ecological Barrier), the Yangtze River Eco-zone (including the Sichuan-Yunnan Ecological Barrier), and the Northeast, North, South, and Coastal Shelterbelts.

实施重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程。以国家重点生态功能区、生态保护红线、自然保护地等为重点，启动实施山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程，统筹推进系统治理、综合治理、源头治理。陆续实施三北、长江等防护林和天然林保护修复、退耕还林还草、矿山生态修复、“蓝色海湾”整治行动、海岸带保护修复、渤海综合治理攻坚战、红树林保护修复等一批具有重要生态影响的生态环境修复治理工程，科学开展大规模国土绿化行动，推动森林、草原、湿地、河流、湖泊面积持续增加，土地荒漠化趋势得到有效扭转。2012－2021年，中国累计完成造林9.6亿亩，防沙治沙2.78亿亩，种草改良6亿亩，新增和修复湿地1200多万亩。2021年，中国森林覆盖率达到24.02%，森林蓄积量达到194.93亿立方米，森林覆盖率和森林蓄积量连续30多年保持“双增长”，是全球森林资源增长最多和人工造林面积最大的国家。中国在世界范围内率先实现了土地退化“零增长”，荒漠化土地和沙化土地面积“双减少”，对全球实现2030年土地退化零增长目标发挥了积极作用。自2000年以来，中国始终是全球“增绿”的主力军，全球新增绿化面积中约1/4来自中国。

Carrying out major projects for the conservation and restoration of key national ecosystems. With a focus on major national eco-environmental functional areas, ECRLs and to deal with problems by addressing their root causes. It has carried outshelterbelt and natural forest protection and restoration programs suchas the shelterbelt program in northeast China, north China and northwestChina, programs returning marginal farmland to forests and grasslands,the program for ecological restoration of abandoned mines, the Blue Bayenvironment improvement initiative, the coastal belts protection andrestoration program, the comprehensive management of the Bohai Seawater environment, the conservation and restoration of mangrove forests, and other restoration and rehabilitation projects of significant eco-environmental importance. China has carried out large-scale afforestationprojects, steadily increased the area of forests, grasslands, wetlands, riversand lakes, and effectively reversed the trend of desertification.

From 2012 to 2021, 64 million hectares of trees were planted. During this period, desertification prevention and control was carried out over 18.53 million hectares of land, and 40 million hectares of land were improved through sowing grass, and more than 800,000 hectares of wetland were added or restored. In 2021, the forest coverage ratio hit 24 percent, while the forest stock volume grew to 19.5 billion cubic meters. Both figures represented 30 consecutive years of growth, making China the country with the highest growth in forest resources and the largest area of man-made forest. China is also the first country to realize zero net land degradation – its desertified and sandified areas are both shrinking, and this is helping the world to reach the global goal of zero net land degradation in 2030. Since 2000, China has led the world in greening the planet, contributing around one fourth of the newly added green areas in the world.

（三）推动重点区域绿色发展

3. Promoting the green development of key regions

中国充分发挥区域重大战略的提升引领作用，坚持生态优先、绿色发展理念推动实施区域重大战略，着力打造绿色发展的第一梯队，带动全国经济社会发展绿色化水平整体提升。

China gives full play to the guiding role of major strategies for regional development and the implementation of these strategies, based on prioritizing eco-environmental conservation and promoting green development. It works to build the key regions into pioneers and models in green development to boost green social and economic development across the country.

推动京津冀协同发展生态环保率先突破。实施京津冀协同发展战略，在交通、环境、产业、公共服务等领域协同推进，强化生态环境联建联防联治。以京津冀地区为重点，开展华北地区地下水超采综合治理，扭转了上世纪80年代以来华北地下水位逐年下降的趋势。高起点规划、高标准建设雄安新区，围绕打造北京非首都功能集中承载地，构建布局合理、蓝绿交织、清新明亮、水城共融的生态城市，打造绿色高质量发展“样板之城”。2021年，京津冀13个城市空气质量优良天数比例达到74.1%，比2013年提升32.2个百分点，北京市大气环境治理成为全球环境治理的中国样本。

Pushing for breakthroughs in environmental protection in the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The strategy for the region’s coordinated development has been implemented, spurring the integrated development of areas such as transport, environment, industry Panel 3 Saihanba – From Desert to Oasis and public services, and strengthening joint prevention and control of environmental problems. With the region as a focus, comprehensive efforts have been made to address overexploitation of groundwater in north China, with the groundwater level going down continuously since the 1980s being reversed. In this region, Xiongan New Area is being built according to forward-looking plans and high standards, with a focus on developing it into a destination for entities relocated from Beijing as their functions are non-essential to Beijing’s role as the capital. Xiongan will be built into an eco-friendly exemplar city of high-quality green development with a rational layout, a good balance of blue water, green areas, clean air, clear skies and urban facilities. In 2021, in 13 cities in the region, 74 percent of days had good air quality. This was an increase of 32 percentage points compared with 2013. Beijing has set an example in air quality control for the world.

以共抓大保护、不搞大开发为导向推动长江经济带建设。长江是中华民族的母亲河，也是中华民族发展的重要支撑。中国坚持把修复长江生态环境摆在压倒性位置，协调推动经济发展和生态环境保护，努力建设人与自然和谐共生的绿色发展示范带，使长江经济带成为生态优先、绿色发展的主战场。发挥产业协同联动整体优势，构建绿色产业体系，加快区域经济绿色转型步伐。大力推进长江保护修复攻坚战，深入实施城镇污水垃圾处理、化工污染治理、农业面源污染治理、船舶污染治理和尾矿库污染治理“4+1”工程，全面实施长江十年禁渔，开展长江岸线利用项目及非法矮围清理整治。2018年以来，累计腾退长江岸线162公里，滩岸复绿1213万平方米，恢复水域面积6.8万亩，长江干流国控断面水质连续两年全线达到Ⅱ类。

Promoting well-coordinated environmental conservation and avoiding excessive development while developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The Yangtze River is the mother river of the Chinese nation, and a powerhouse for China’s development. The restoration of the Yangtze River’s eco-environment is a top priority. China is coordinating economic development and environmental protection and building an economic belt epitomizing green development and harmony between humanity and nature.

Taking advantage of the opportunities offered by industrial integration, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is building a green industrial system and accelerating its green economic transformation. A tough battle has been launched to protect and restore the eco-environment in the Yangtze River Basin: Intense efforts have been made to carry out the “4+1” project – the treatment of urban sewage and garbage, chemical pollution, agricultural non-point source pollution, ship pollution and tailing pond pollution; a comprehensive 10-year fishing ban in the Yangtze River Basin has been implemented; action has been taken to regulate banks development projects and remove illegal dykes. Since 2018, unauthorized structures along 162 kilometers of the river banks have been demolished, more than 12 square kilometers along the banks have been revegetated, and 4,533 hectares have been returned to water. The water quality at the state-monitored sections of the mainstream of the Yangtze River has reached Grade II level (the second best level) for the past two years.

发挥长三角地区绿色发展表率作用。加快长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区建设，率先探索将生态优势转化为经济社会发展优势、从项目协同走向区域一体化制度创新，依托优美风光、人文底蕴、特色产业，集聚创新要素资源，夯实绿色发展生态本底，打造绿色创新发展高地。

The pioneering role of the Yangtze River Delta region in green development. The construction of the Yangtze River Delta Integrated Green Development Demonstration Zone will be accelerated, to explore ways to translate eco-environmental strengths into social and economic benefits, and ways for the region to transition from coordinated project execution to regional integrated institutional innovation. With picturesque scenery, a rich culture, specialty industries, and a cluster of innovation resources, the region will lay a solid foundation for green development, and develop into a hub for green and innovation-driven development.

推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。把保护黄河作为中华民族发展的千秋大计，坚持对黄河上下游、干支流、左右岸生态保护治理工作统筹谋划。开展全流域生态环境保护治理，推动上中游水土流失和荒漠化防治以及下游河道和滩区综合治理，黄河泥沙负荷稳步下降，确保黄河安澜。坚持以水定城、以水定地、以水定人、以水定产，走水安全有效保障、水资源高效利用、水生态明显改善的集约节约发展之路。沿黄地区在保护传承弘扬黄河文化、发展特色产业上积极探索，培养壮大新产业新业态，推动生态、经济价值同步提升，让黄河成为惠民利民的生态河、幸福河。

Eco-environmental conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Protecting the Yellow River is a long-term strategy of fundamental importance to the Chinese nation. China has made coordinated plans and carried out ecological protection and improvement in the entire Yellow River Basin, including soil erosion and desertification control in its upper and middle reaches and comprehensive treatment of river courses and banks in the lower reaches. The sediment load of the Yellow River has steadily fallen, which helps to ensure its safety. Water availability has been a determining factor in urban and industrial development, agriculture, and population distribution. A path of intensive water-conservation has been followed so that water security has been effectively ensured, water resources are used efficiently, and the ecology has improved. Areas along the Yellow River are being protected in order to carry forward and disseminate the Yellow River culture, develop specialty industries and nurture new industries and business models. This has raised both the eco-environmental and economic value of the river, to the benefit of the people.

建设美丽粤港澳大湾区。以建设美丽湾区为引领，着力提升生态环境质量，探索绿色低碳的城市建设运营模式，促进大湾区可持续发展，使大湾区天更蓝、山更绿、水更清，打造生态安全、环境优美、社会安定、文化繁荣的粤港澳大湾区。

Building a beautiful Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. China has vigorously improved the quality of the eco-environment in the bay area, explored green and low-carbon urban construction and operation models, and promoted sustainable development, making its skies bluer, mountains greener, and water clearer. The area will enjoy a safe and beautiful eco-environment, a stable society, and cultural prosperity.

（四）建设生态宜居美丽家园

4. Building a beautiful home with a pleasant living environment

城乡是人们聚居活动的主要空间。中国把绿色发展理念融入城乡建设活动，大力推动美丽城市和美丽乡村建设，突出环境污染治理，着力提升人居环境品质，打造山峦层林尽染、平原蓝绿交融、城乡鸟语花香的美丽家园。

Urban and rural areas are the carriers of human settlements and activities. China integrates the philosophy of green development into urban and rural construction, and promotes beautiful cities and beautiful countryside initiatives. With priority given to environmental pollution control, China strives to improve the living environment to build a beautiful home featuring lush mountains, green fields, singing birds, and blossoming flowers.

建设人与自然和谐共生的美丽城市。中国把保护城市生态环境摆在突出位置，推进以人为核心的城镇化，科学规划布局城市的生产空间、生活空间、生态空间，打造宜居城市、韧性城市、智慧城市，把城市建设成为人与自然和谐共生的美丽家园。坚持尊重自然、顺应自然，依托现有山水脉络等独特风光推进城市建设，让城市融入大自然，让居民望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁。持续拓展城市生态空间，建设国家园林城市、国家森林城市，推进城市公园体系和绿道网络建设，大力推动城市绿化，让城市再现绿水青山。2012－2021年，城市建成区绿化覆盖率由39.22%提高到42.06%，人均公园绿地面积由11.8平方米提高到14.78平方米。大力发展绿色低碳建筑，推进既有建筑改造，建筑节能水平持续提高。

Building beautiful cities featuring harmony between humanity and nature. China has placed great emphasis on urban eco-environmental conservation and has adopted a people-centered approach to urbanization. It has made sound plans for spaces for working, living and eco-environmental conservation, and has worked to make cities livable, resilient and smart. The aim is to build cities into beautiful homes where humanity and nature coexist in harmony. In pursuing urbanization, China respects and accommodates the requirements of nature. It has made use of mountains, waters, and other unique landscapes to integrate cities into nature, so that urban dwellers can enjoy the view and are reminded of their rural origins.

Efforts have been made to expand urban eco-environmental space through construction of national garden cities and forest cities, as well as parks and greenways in cities. With increased greenery coverage, the urban eco-environment has been effectively restored. From 2012 to 2021, green coverage of built-up urban areas increased from 39 percent to 42 percent, and the per capita area of park greenery has increased from 11.8 square meters to 14.78 square meters. Great efforts have been made to construct green and low-carbon buildings, and renovation of existing ones has been promoted, contributing to increasingly higher energy efficiency.

打造绿色生态宜居的和美乡村。中国将绿色发展作为推进乡村振兴的新引擎，探索乡村绿色发展新路径。积极发展生态农业、农村电商、休闲农业、乡村旅游、健康养老等新产业、新业态，加强生态保护与修复，推动农业强、农村美、农民富的目标不断实现。持续改善农村人居环境，完善乡村公路、供水、供气等基础设施，推进农村厕所革命，加强生活垃圾、污水治理，开展村庄清洁行动，全面推进乡村绿化，持续开展现代宜居农房建设，越来越多的乡村实现水源净化、道路硬化、夜晚亮化、能源清洁化。加强传统村落保护利用，传承优秀传统文化，提升乡村风貌。广大农村生态美起来、环境靓起来，丛林掩映、果菜满园、满眼锦绣，呈现山清水秀、天蓝地绿、村美人和的美丽画卷。

Building a beautiful and harmonious countryside that is pleasant to live and work in. Green development is a new driver of rural revitalization, and China is exploring new paths for green development in rural areas. It is actively developing new industries and new forms of business such as eco-agriculture, rural e-commerce, leisure agriculture, rural tourism, health, and elderly care, while advancing projects to protect and restore ecosystems. These efforts allow China to approach its goal of having strong agriculture and a beautiful and revitalized countryside.

China is continuing to redevelop the whole rural living environment and steadily advancing the construction of modern and livable homes with sanitary toilets in rural areas, strengthening the treatment and recycling of domestic waste and sewage. As a result, more and more rural areas have access to safe and clean water, paved roads, streetlights, and clean energy.

With an improved environment, the vast rural areas have become more sustainable. Lush groves, orchards, and gardens of flowers and vegetables set each other off, and the splendid pastoral scene is a treat for the eyes. A beautiful countryside where the skies are blue, the lands are green, and the waters are clear brings people delight with its scenic view. Greater efforts have also been made to protect and utilize traditional villages and carry forward their fine traditions, which have increased their cultural charm.

持续打好污染防治攻坚战。环境就是民生，青山就是美丽，蓝天也是幸福。中国坚持精准治污、科学治污、依法治污，以解决人民群众反映强烈的大气、水、土壤污染等突出问题为重点，持续打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战。区域联防联控和重污染天气应对成效显著，全国地级及以上城市细颗粒物（PM2.5）年均浓度由2015年的46微克/立方米降至2021年的30微克/立方米，空气质量优良天数比例达到87.5%，成为全球大气质量改善速度最快的国家。工业、农业、生活污染源和水生态系统整治加快推进，饮用水安全得到有效保障，污染严重水体和不达标水体显著减少，2021年全国地表水水质优良断面比例达到84.9%。全面禁止洋垃圾入境，实现固体废物“零进口”目标，土壤环境风险得到基本管控。蓝天白云、繁星闪烁，清水绿岸、鱼翔浅底，人们呼吸的空气更清新、喝的水更干净、吃的食物更放心、生活的环境更优美，切实感受到生态环境变化带来的幸福和美好。

Taking further steps to prevent and control pollution. The environment has a significant impact on quality of life. Green mountains display beauty, and blue skies bring happiness. China is curbing pollution in a law-based, scientific, and targeted way. Priority has been given to addressing the thorniest problems of air, water and soil contamination that are of greatest concern to the public. Effective measures have been taken to keep skies blue, waters clear, and land pollution-free. The mechanism of coordinated prevention and control across regions and approaches in dealing with heavy air pollution have achieved remarkable results. The average PM2.5 density of China’s cities at prefecture level and above dropped from 46 micrograms per cubic meter in 2015 to 30 micrograms per cubic meter in 2021. On 87.5 percent of the days in 2021, people enjoyed good air quality. China is making the fastest progress in air quality improvement. With an accelerated pace in curbing industrial, agricultural and domestic pollution sources, and in regulating water ecological systems, China has significantly reduced seriously polluted water bodies and sub-standard water bodies, and the safety of drinking water is ensured.

In 2021, the proportion of surface water at or above Grade III in the country’s five-tier water quality system reached 84.9 percent. China has banned the import of foreign waste, fulfilling its goal of “zero import” of solid waste while basically bringing the threat of soil contamination under control. Brilliant blue skies are dotted with white clouds during the day; when the sun sets, twinkling stars pattern the firmament. The shores are Panel 5 Improving Urban and Rural Environmental Infrastructure green and the waters are clean, with fish gliding under the clear water. People are breathing fresher air, drinking cleaner water, and eating safer food. Living in a beautiful environment, people can truly feel the happiness and beauty brought about by eco-environmental conservation.

三、产业结构持续调整优化

III. Adjusting and Improving the Industrial Structure

中国坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，以创新驱动为引领塑造经济发展新动能新优势，以资源环境刚性约束推动产业结构深度调整，以强化区域协作持续优化产业空间布局，经济发展既保持了量的合理增长，也实现了质的稳步提升，开创了高质量发展的新局面。

China is committed to the philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, and takes innovation-driven development as the driving force to create new momentum and build new strengths for economic development. China has placed rigid constraints on the exploitation of resources and the environment to promote comprehensive adjustment of the industrial structure, and strengthened regional cooperation to optimize the spatial configuration of industry. As a result, China’s economy has registered a steady improvement in the quality of development while maintaining a reasonable pace of growth.

（一）大力发展战略性新兴产业

1. Vigorously developing strategic emerging industries

实施创新驱动发展战略，把科技创新作为调整产业结构、促进经济社会绿色低碳转型的动力和保障，战略性新兴产业成为经济发展的重要引擎，经济发展的含金量和含绿量显著提升。

China implements the innovation-driven development strategy. It takes scientific and technological innovation as the driving force and guarantee for adjustment of industrial structure and green and low-carbon transition of the economy and society and regards strategic emerging industries as a key driver for economic development, reaping remarkable economic and social benefits as a result.

科技创新投入力度逐步加大。全社会研发投入由2012年的1.03万亿元增长到2021年的2.80万亿元，研发投入强度由1.91%提高到2.44%，已接近经合组织国家平均水平。企业研发投入力度不断加大，占全社会研发投入比例达到76%以上。截至2021年底，中国节能环保产业有效发明专利4.9万件，新能源产业有效发明专利6万件，分别是2017年底的1.6倍、1.7倍。2011年至2020年，中国环境技术发明专利申请总量接近全球60%，是全球布局环境技术创新最积极的国家。

China has intensified investment in scientific and technological innovation. The nation’s gross domestic research and development (R&D) spending grew from RMB1.03 trillion in 2012 to more than RMB2.8 trillion in 2021. Its R&D spending intensity, or the expenditure on R&D as a percentage of its GDP, rose from 1.91 percent in 2012 to 2.44 percent in 2021, approaching the average level of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Chinese enterprises’ investment in R&D has continued to increase, accounting for more than 76 percent of the country’s total R&D investment. By the end of 2021, China’s energy conservation and environmental protection industry owned 49,000 valid invention patents, and the new energy industry held 60,000, 1.6 and 1.7 times more than in 2017. From 2011 to 2020, the number of patent applications filed by China for environment-related technology inventions was close to 60 percent of the world total, making it the most active country in environmental technology innovation.

新兴技术成为经济发展重要支撑。人工智能、大数据、区块链、量子通信等新兴技术加快应用，培育了智能终端、远程医疗、在线教育等新产品、新业态，在经济发展中的带动作用不断增强。数字经济规模居世界第二位，“十三五”期间（2016－2020年），信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业增加值年均增速高达21%。互联网、大数据、人工智能、5G等新兴技术与传统产业深度融合，先进制造业和现代服务业融合发展步伐加快，2021年，高技术制造业、装备制造业增加值占规模以上工业增加值比重分别为15.1%、32.4%，较2012年分别提高5.7和4.2个百分点，“中国制造”逐步向“中国智造”转型升级。

Emerging technologies have become the main props of China’s economic development. Thanks to accelerated efforts to implement emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain, and quantum communication, new products and business forms including intelligent terminals, telemedicine, and online education have been cultivated, and their role in boosting growth has continued to increase. China’s digital economy ranks second in the world. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), the average annual growth rate of the added value of information transmission, software and information technology services reached 21 percent. The internet, big data, AI, 5G and other emerging technologies are deeply integrated with traditional industries, facilitating the integration of advanced manufacturing with modern services. The value-added output of high-tech and equipment manufacturing in 2021 accounted for 15.1 and 32.4 percent of that of industries above designated size, up 5.7 and 4.2 percentage points from 2012 respectively. China is on the way to realize the transformation and upgrading from “made in China” to “intelligent manufacturing in China”.

绿色产业规模持续壮大。可再生能源产业发展迅速，风电、光伏发电等清洁能源设备生产规模居世界第一，多晶硅、硅片、电池和组件占全球产量的70%以上。节能环保产业质量效益持续提升，形成了覆盖节能、节水、环保、可再生能源等各领域的绿色技术装备制造体系，绿色技术装备和产品供给能力显著增强，绿色装备制造成本持续下降，能源设备、节水设备、污染治理、环境监测等多个领域技术已达到国际先进水平。综合能源服务、合同能源管理、合同节水管理、环境污染第三方治理、碳排放管理综合服务等新业态新模式不断发展壮大，2021年节能环保产业产值超过8万亿元。各地方积极探索生态产品价值实现方式路径，都市现代农业、休闲农业、生态旅游、森林康养、精品民宿、田园综合体等生态产业新模式快速发展。

China’s green industries continue to grow. The renewable energy industry is growing rapidly, and China leads the world in the manufacture of clean energy generation facilities for wind and photovoltaic power. China produces more than 70 percent of the global total of polysilicon, wafers, cells and modules. The quality and efficiency of the energy-saving and environmental protection industries have continued to improve. China has developed a green technical equipment manufacturing system covering various sectors such as energy and water conservation, environmental protection, and renewable energy. The manufacturing and supply capacity of green technical equipment increases markedly while the cost keeps dropping. Technology in the fields of energy and water conservation equipment, pollution control, and environmental monitoring meets the highest international standards. New forms and models of business continue to grow, such as comprehensive energy services, contract-based energy and water management, third-party treatment of environmental pollution, and comprehensive carbon emissions management services. In 2021, the output value of China’s energy conservation and environmental protection industries exceeded RMB8 trillion. Extensive pilot projects have been carried out at local level to explore methods and pathways to realize the value of eco-environmental products. New models of eco-friendly industry such as urban modern agriculture, leisure agriculture, eco-environmental tourism, forest healthcare, boutique homestays, and pastoral leisure complexes have witnessed rapid development.

（二）引导资源型产业有序发展

2. Taking well-ordered steps to develop resource-based industries

中国持续深化供给侧结构性改革，改变过多依赖增加资源消耗、过多依赖规模粗放扩张、过多依赖高耗能高排放产业的发展模式，以环境承载力作为刚性约束，严控高耗能、高排放、高耗水行业产能规模，推动产业结构持续优化。

China continues to expand supply-side structural reform and reverse the extensive development model that relies heavily on resource consumption at the cost of high pollution and emissions. With environmental capacity as a rigid constraint, it has exerted tight control over the production capacity of energy-intensive industries and industries with high emissions or water consumption, in order to optimize its industrial structure.

化解过剩产能和淘汰落后产能。在保障产业链供应链安全的同时，积极稳妥化解过剩产能、淘汰落后产能，对钢铁、水泥、电解铝等资源消耗量高、污染物排放量大的行业实行产能等量或减量置换政策。“十三五”期间（2016－2020年），累计退出钢铁过剩产能1.5亿吨以上、水泥过剩产能3亿吨，地条钢全部出清，电解铝、水泥等行业的落后产能基本出清。

Easing overcapacity and closing down outdated production facilities. While protecting industrial and supply chains, China has taken active and well-ordered steps to ease overcapacity and close down outdated production facilities. Measures have been taken to curb industries that over-exploit resources and cause environmental damage, such as steel, cement and electrolytic aluminum. A swap system has been introduced that allows producers to open equal or lower amounts of new capacity in return for closures elsewhere. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), China has removed more than 150 million tonnes of excess steel production capacity and 300 million tonnes of excess cement production capacity. Substandard steel products have been eliminated and almost all outdated production capacity in industries such as electrolytic aluminum and cement manufacturing has been removed.

坚决遏制高耗能、高排放、低水平项目盲目发展。提高部分重点行业土地、环保、节能、节水、技术、安全等方面的准入条件，对高耗能行业实施差别电价、阶梯电价、惩罚性电价等差别化电价政策。对高耗能、高排放、低水平项目实行清单管理、分类处置、动态监控，严肃查处违法违规建设运行的项目。水资源短缺和超载地区，限制新建各类开发区和高耗水项目。

China is resolved to stop the blind development of energy-intensive projects with high emissions and outdated production techniques. It has raised the entry threshold for some key industries in terms of land use, environmental protection, energy and water conservation, technology, and safety. A differentiated system has been introduced for energy-intensive industries, covering differentiated electricity pricing, tiered electricity pricing, and punitive electricity pricing. For energy-intensive projects with high emissions and outdated production techniques, China applies a list-based management approach involving classification and dynamic monitoring. It resolutely investigates and punishes all projects that violate laws or regulations. In areas with problems of water shortage or overconsumption, restrictions are imposed on various types of new development zones and projects requiring high water consumption.

（三）优化产业区域布局

3. Optimizing regional distribution of industries

综合考虑能源资源、环境容量、市场空间等因素，推动相关产业向更具发展条件和潜力的地区集中集聚，优化生产力布局，深化区域间分工协作，加快形成布局合理、集约高效、协调协同的现代化产业发展格局。

Fully considering factors such as energy resources, environmental capacity, and market potential, China promotes the convergence of some industries in areas with more suitable conditions and greater potential for development. To expedite the formation of a modern and efficient industrial development configuration, it improves the distribution of productive forces and expands the division of industries and coordination across regions.

推进原材料产业合理布局。统筹煤水资源和环境容量等因素，在中西部地区规划布局了若干个现代煤化工产业示范区，深入开展煤化工产业技术升级示范。在沿海地区高水平建设一批大型石化产业基地，推动石化行业安全、绿色、集聚、高效发展。

Working to bring about a rational distribution of raw material industries. China employs overall planning of resources such as coal and water and takes into consideration environmental capacity. Several modern coal chemical industry demonstration zones have been established in the central and western regions to pilot projects for technology upgrading in the coal chemical industry. A group of large-scale high-quality petrochemical industry bases has been constructed in coastal areas to promote the safe, green, intensive, and efficient development of the industry.

深化各地区分工协作。充分发挥各地区比较优势，依托资源环境禀赋和产业发展基础，探索建立和完善利益共享机制，强化东部和中西部地区之间多类型、多机制产业分工协作，形成协调联动、优势互补、共同发展的新格局。通过产业转移和地区协作，在破解产业发展资源环境约束的同时，为东部发展高新产业腾出空间、促进中西部欠发达地区工业化和城镇化进程，增强了区域发展的平衡性和协调性。

Expanding the division of industries and cooperation across regions. China is seeking to establish and improve a benefit-sharing mechanism by employing the comparative strengths of every region, each relying on its own resources and environmental advantages, and on the foundations of industrial development. Multi-type and multi-mechanism industrial division and coordination have been strengthened, along with cooperation between the east and the central and western regions, creating a framework of coordination, complementarity of strengths, and common development. Transferring industries and cooperation across regions are measures that help to break through the environmental and resource constraints that stifle industrial development. They also make room for the development of high-tech industries in the eastern region and propel the industrialization and urbanization process of underdeveloped areas in the central and western regions, improving the balance and strengthening the coordination of regional development.

四、绿色生产方式广泛推行

IV. Extensive Application of Green Production Methods

中国加快构建绿色低碳循环发展的经济体系，大力推行绿色生产方式，推动能源革命和资源节约集约利用，系统推进清洁生产，统筹减污降碳协同增效，实现经济社会发展和生态环境保护的协调统一。

China has accelerated the building of a green, circular, and low-carbon economy. It practices green production methods, promotes the energy revolution, the economical and intensive use of resources, and cleaner production, and pursues synergy in the reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. All these efforts have contributed to the coordinated development and balanced progress of the economy, society, and environmental protection.

（一）促进传统产业绿色转型

1. Promoting the green transformation of traditional industries

将绿色发展理念融入工业、农业、服务业全链条各环节，积极构建绿色低碳循环发展的生产体系，以节能、减排、增效为目标，大力推进技术创新、模式创新、标准创新，全面提升传统产业绿色化水平。

In order to build a green, circular, and low-carbon production system, China has integrated the concept of green development into the entire life cycles of industry, agriculture and the service sector. To conserve energy, reduce emissions, raise efficiency, and facilitate the comprehensive green transformation of traditional industries, China has encouraged innovations in technology, models, and standards.

推进工业绿色发展。持续开展绿色制造体系建设，完善绿色工厂、绿色园区、绿色供应链、绿色产品评价标准，引导企业创新绿色产品设计、使用绿色低碳环保工艺和设备，优化园区企业、产业和基础设施空间布局，加快构建绿色产业链供应链。按照“横向耦合、纵向延伸、循环链接”原则，大力推进园区循环化改造，推动产业循环式组织、企业循环化生产。全面开展清洁生产审核，积极实施清洁生产改造，大幅提高清洁生产整体水平。全面推进数字化改造，重点领域关键工序数控化率由2012年的24.6%提高到2021年的55.3%，数字化研发设计工具普及率由48.8%提高到74.7%。截至2021年底，累计建成绿色工厂2783家、绿色工业园区223家、绿色供应链管理企业296家，制造业绿色化水平显著提升。

Promoting the green development of industry. China is committed to establishing a green manufacturing system, and creating green factories, green industrial parks, green supply chains, and green product evaluation standards. In order to accelerate the building of green industrial chains and supply chains, China provides guidance for enterprises to achieve innovations in the design of green products and adopt green, low-carbon and eco-friendly processes and equipment, and optimizes the spatial lay out of enterprises, industries and infrastructure in industrial parks. Following the principles of “coupling of industries, extended responsibility of enterprises, and circular use of resources”, it has promoted the transformation of industrial parks, circular combination of industries and circular production in enterprises. China has transformed its major industries to achieve clean production, and carried out comprehensive inspections of clean production. It has promoted digital transformation across the board. The digital control rate of key processes in key areas increased from 24.6 percent in 2012 to 55.3 percent in 2021, and the penetration rate of digital R&D and design tools increased from 48.8 percent to 74.7 percent in the same period. By the end of 2021, China hosted a total of 2,783 green factories, 223 green industrial parks, and 296 green supply chain management enterprises. The manufacturing sector has been significantly upgraded for green production.

转变农业生产方式。创新农业绿色发展体制机制，拓展农业多种功能，发掘乡村多元价值，加强农业资源保护利用。逐步健全耕地保护制度和轮作休耕制度，全面落实永久基本农田特殊保护，耕地减少势头得到初步遏制。稳步推进国家黑土地保护，全国耕地质量稳步提升。多措并举推进农业节水和化肥农药减量增效，2021年，农田灌溉水有效利用系数达到0.568。大力发展农业循环经济，推广种养加结合、农牧渔结合、产加销一体等循环型农业生产模式，强化农业废弃物资源化利用。统筹推进农业生产和农产品两个“三品一标”（品种培优、品质提升、品牌打造和标准化生产，绿色、有机、地理标志和达标合格农产品），深入实施地理标志农产品保护工程，全国绿色食品、有机农产品数量6万个，农产品质量安全水平稳步提高，优质农产品供给明显增加，有效促进了产业提档升级、农民增收致富。

Transforming the production methods of agriculture. China has created new systems and mechanisms for the green development of agriculture, expanded the functions of agriculture, explored the diversified rural values, and strengthened the protection and efficient use of agricultural resources. It has gradually improved the farmland protection system and the system of fallowing and crop rotation, put permanent basic cropland under special protection, and thereby made initial progress in containing the decline in the size of farmland. It has steadily advanced the conservation of chernozem soil. The quality of farmland has been upgraded steadily throughout the country. Measures have been taken to save water for agricultural irrigation and reduce the volume of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used by targeting higher efficiency. In 2021, the irrigation efficiency was raised to 0.568. China has developed a circular agricultural economy by promoting circular agricultural production modes – integrating planting and breeding with processing, farming and animal husbandry with fishing, and production and processing with marketing. It has increased the utilization of agricultural waste as a resource. It has taken a coordinated approach to promoting green and organic agricultural products, products with quality certifications and those with geographical indications, cultivating new breeds, improving product quality, fostering agricultural brands and standardizing agricultural production. China has implemented programs to protect agricultural products with geographical indications. There are now 60,000 types of green food and organic agricultural products across the country. The quality and safety standards of agricultural products have been steadily upgraded. The supply of high-quality agricultural products has increased significantly, which has effectively contributed to the up-grading of the whole industry, and generated higher incomes for farmers.

提升服务业绿色化水平。积极培育商贸流通绿色主体，开展绿色商场创建。截至2021年底，全国共创建绿色商场592家。持续提升信息服务业能效水平，部分绿色数据中心已达世界领先水平。升级完善快递绿色包装标准体系，推进快递包装减量化标准化循环化，引导生产商、消费者使用可循环快递包装和可降解包装，推进电子商务企业绿色发展。截至2021年底，电商快件不再二次包装率达到80.5%，全国快递包装瘦身胶带、循环中转袋使用基本实现全覆盖。推进会展业绿色发展，制定行业相关绿色标准，推动办展设施循环使用。全面实施铁路电子客票，推广电子发票应用，大幅减少票纸用量。在餐饮行业逐步淘汰一次性餐具，倡导宾馆、酒店不主动提供一次性用品。

Advancing the green transformation of the service sector. China has actively cultivated green firms of business circulation, and launched a campaign to create green shopping malls. Nationwide, a total of 592 green shopping malls had been built by the end of 2021. China has continued to improve the energy efficiency of the information service industry, with some world-leading green data centers. To accelerate the reduction, standardization and recycling of express delivery packages, it has upgraded and improved the express delivery packaging standard system. To promote the green development of e-commerce enterprises, it has given guidance for producers and consumers to use renewable and degradable express delivery packages. By the end of 2021, 80.5 percent of e-commerce parcels were free of secondary packaging, all express delivery packages were sealed with thinner (45mm) tape, and all transit bags used in the sector were renewable. China has promoted the green development of the convention and exhibition industry by formulating green standards and facilitating the repeated use of facilities. China has significantly reduced paper usage by introducing electronic railway tickets nationwide and encouraging electronic invoicing. In the catering industry, disposable tableware is being phased out. Guest houses and hotels have been encouraged not to offer disposable items as part of their services.

（二）推动能源绿色低碳发展

2. Promoting green and low-carbon energy

中国立足能源资源禀赋，坚持先立后破、通盘谋划，在不断增强能源供应保障能力的基础上，加快构建新型能源体系，推动清洁能源消费占比大幅提升，能源结构绿色低碳转型成效显著。

China applies the principle of building the new before discarding the old in a well-planned way. With growing capacity to ensure energy supply, it has moved faster to build a new energy system. The proportion of clean energy sources has increased significantly. Success has been achieved in the green and low-carbon transformation of the country’s energy mix.

大力发展非化石能源。加快推进以沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区为重点的大型风电光伏基地建设，积极稳妥发展海上风电，积极推广城镇、农村屋顶光伏，鼓励发展乡村分散式风电。以西南地区主要河流为重点，有序推进流域大型水电基地建设。因地制宜发展太阳能热利用、生物质能、地热能和海洋能，积极安全有序发展核电，大力发展城镇生活垃圾焚烧发电。坚持创新引领，积极发展氢能源。加快构建适应新能源占比逐渐提高的新型电力系统，开展可再生能源电力消纳责任权重考核，推动可再生能源高效消纳。截至2021年底，清洁能源消费比重由2012年的14.5%升至25.5%，煤炭消费比重由2012年的68.5%降至56.0%；可再生能源发电装机突破10亿千瓦，占总发电装机容量的44.8%，其中水电、风电、光伏发电装机均超3亿千瓦，均居世界第一。

Vigorously developing non-fossil energy. China has made rapid progress in building large-scale wind and photovoltaic power stations on infertile and rocky terrain and in deserts. It has steadily developed offshore wind farms, actively promoted rooftop photovoltaic power generation in urban and rural areas, and encouraged distributed wind power generation in rural areas. China has built a structured matrix of large hydropower stations in the basins of major rivers, especially those in the southwest. In accordance with local conditions, it has developed solar, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy, and power generation through urban solid waste incineration. It has developed nuclear power in a safe and orderly manner. Committed to innovation-driven development, China has worked on developing hydrogen energy. It has accelerated the construction of a new power system to adapt to the steady increase in the proportion of new energy. To promote the efficient use of renewable energy, it has carried out appraisals of relevant parties’ performance in meeting the set goals for consumption of power generated from renewable energy. The proportion of clean energy sources in total energy consumption increased from 14.5 percent in 2012 to 25.5 percent by the end of 2021, and the proportion of coal decreased from 68.5 percent to 56 percent over the same period. The installed capacity of renewable energy was more than one billion kilowatts, accounting for 44.8 percent of China’s overall installed capacity. The installed capacity of hydropower, wind power, and photovoltaic power each exceeded 300 million kilowatts, all ranking the highest in the world.

提高化石能源清洁高效利用水平。以促进煤电清洁低碳发展为目标，开展煤电节能降碳改造、灵活性改造、供热改造“三改联动”，新增煤电机组执行更严格节能标准，发电效率、污染物排放控制达到世界领先水平。推动终端用能清洁化，推行天然气、电力和可再生能源等替代煤炭，积极推进北方地区冬季清洁取暖。在城镇燃气、工业燃料、燃气发电、交通运输等领域有序推进天然气高效利用，发展天然气热电冷联供。实施成品油质量升级专项行动，用不到10年时间走完发达国家30多年成品油质量升级之路，成品油质量达到国际先进水平，有效减少了汽车尾气污染物排放。

Advancing the clean and efficient use of fossil energy. To promote the clean and low-carbon development of coal-fired power, China has upgraded coal-fired power plants to conserve resources, reduce carbon emissions and make their operation more flexible, and transformed heating facilities. It has implemented stricter energy-saving standards for newly- installed coal-fired generating units. The efficiency and pollutant control levels of these units are on par with the most advanced international standards. China has promoted clean end-use energy by replacing coal with natural gas, electricity, and renewable energy. It has actively supported clean heating in winter in northern China. It has made the use of natural gas more efficient in urban areas, as well as in industrial fuel, power generation, and transport, and promoted natural gas combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP). It has launched a campaign to upgrade the quality of refined oil products. In less than 10 years China achieved the upgrading that took developed countries 30-plus years, and its refined oil products are now of the best quality by international standards. As a result, vehicle pollutant discharge has been effectively reduced.

（三）构建绿色交通运输体系

3. Building a green transport network

交通运输行业能源消耗大、污染物和温室气体排放多，是实现绿色发展需要重点关注的领域。中国以提升交通运输装备能效水平为基础，以优化用能结构、提高组织效率为关键，加快绿色交通运输体系建设，让运输更加环保、出行更加低碳。

The transport sector is one that consumes a large amount of energy and generates significant pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. This is an area that deserves more attention in the pursuit of green development. By upgrading the energy efficiency of transport equipment, China has accelerated the building of a green transport network, with optimizing the structure of energy consumption and improving the efficiency of organization as its priorities, so that transport will be more eco-friendly, and travel will be more low-carbon.

优化交通运输结构。加快推进铁路专用线建设，推动大宗货物“公转铁”“公转水”，深入开展多式联运。2021年，铁路、水路货运量合计占比达到24.56%，比2012年提高3.85个百分点。深入实施城市公共交通优先发展战略，截至2021年底，已有51个城市开通运营城市轨道交通线路275条，运营里程超过8700公里；公交专用车道从2012年的5256公里增长到2021年的18264公里。

Optimizing the structure of transport. China has accelerated the construction of special railway lines, promoted the shift of freight transport from road to railway and waterway, and encouraged intermodal transport. In 2021, the railway and waterway freight volume accounted for 24.56 percent of the total in China, an increase of 3.85 percentage points over Panel 6 Green Electricity for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics China has also emphasized the strategy of giving priority to urban public transport. By the end of 2021, there were 275 urban rail transit lines in operation in 51 cities, with a total track length of more than 8,700 kilometers. The length of exclusive bus lanes increased from 5,256 kilo-meters in 2012 to 18,264 kilometers in 2021.

推进交通运输工具绿色转型。在城市公交、出租、环卫、物流配送、民航、机场以及党政机关大力推广新能源汽车，截至2021年底，中国新能源汽车保有量达到784万辆，占全球保有量的一半左右；新能源公交车达到50.89万辆，占公交车总量的71.7%；新能源出租汽车达到20.78万辆。不断推进铁路移动装备的绿色转型，铁路内燃机车占比由2012年的51%降低到2021年的36%。提升机动车污染物排放标准，推进船舶使用LNG动力和岸电受电设施改造，加快老旧车船改造淘汰，2012年以来，累计淘汰黄标车和老旧车3000多万辆，拆解改造内河船舶4.71万艘。

Promoting the green transformation of transport vehicles. China has vigorously promoted the use of new-energy vehicles in public transport, taxi service, environmental sanitation, logistics, distribution, civil aviation, airports, and Party and government institutions. By the end of 2021, the number of China’s registered new energy vehicles had reached 7.84 million, accounting for about half of the global figure. There were 508,900 new energy buses, accounting for 71.7 percent of the total number of buses in China. There were 207,800 new energy taxis. China has continued the green transformation of mobile railway equipment. The proportion of internal combustion locomotives decreased from 51 percent in 2012 to 36 percent in 2021. China has also updated the pollutant discharge standards for motor vehicles, promoted the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) powered boats and transformation of shore power facilities, and accelerated the transformation or elimination of obsolete vehicles and boats. Since 2012, more than 30 million yellow-label vehicles with high emissions have been eliminated, and 47,100 obsolete inland river boats have been re-engineered or mothballed.

提升交通基础设施绿色化水平。开展绿色公路建设专项行动，大力推动废旧路面材料再生利用，截至2021年底，高速公路、普通国省道废旧路面材料循环利用率分别达到95%、80%以上。持续提升公路绿化水平，干线公路绿化里程达到57万公里，比2012年增加约20万公里。推进铁路电气化改造，电气化率从2012年的52.3%上升至2021年的73.3%。深入推进港口和公路绿色交通配套设施建设，截至2021年底，主要港口五类专业化泊位岸电设施覆盖率达75%；高速公路服务区建成13374个充电桩，数量居全球第一。

Upgrading transport infrastructure for green development. China has initiated a special program for the construction of green highways, and the recycling of waste road surface materials. By the end of 2021, more than 95 percent of the waste materials from expressways and 80 percent of the waste materials from national and provincial highways had been recycled. China has steadily improved afforestation along its roads. Green belts have been built along 570,000 kilometers of its trunk roads, about 200,000 kilometers more than in 2012. China has continued the electrification of its railways, with the proportion of electric railways increasing from 52.3 percent in 2012 to 73.3 percent in 2021. It has also built more green port and road transport support facilities. By the end of 2021, five types of shore power facilities had been built in 75 percent of the specialized berths of major ports, and 13,374 charging piles had been built in expressway service areas – the highest number in the world.

（四）推进资源节约集约利用

4. Promoting the economical and intensive use of resources

作为资源需求大国，中国加快资源利用方式根本转变，努力用最少的资源环境代价取得最大的经济社会效益，让当代人过上幸福生活，为子孙后代留下生存根基，为全球资源环境可持续发展作出重大贡献。

As a country with a great demand for resources, China has accelerated the fundamental change in the way resources are utilized. To make a major contribution to the sustainable development of global resources and the environment, and to ensure a happy life for the people today as well as sufficient resources to meet the needs of future generations, China tries to obtain the maximum social and economic benefits at a minimum cost in resources and the environment.

提高能源利用效率。完善能源消耗总量和强度调控，重点控制化石能源消费。大力推广技术节能、管理节能、结构节能，推动能源利用效率持续提升。开展万家企业节能低碳行动、重点用能单位百千万行动、能效“领跑者”引领行动，组织实施钢铁、电力、化工等高耗能行业节能降碳改造，强化用能单位节能管理，推动重点行业大中型企业能效达到世界先进水平。2012年以来，中国以年均3%的能源消费增速支撑了年均6.6%的经济增长，2021年万元国内生产总值能耗较2012年下降26.4%。

Improving the efficiency of energy use. China is exercising better control over the amount and intensity of energy consumption, particularly the consumption of fossil fuels. It has vigorously promoted technical, managerial, and structural energy conservation, to constantly improve the efficiency of energy use. It has initiated campaigns for all industrial enterprises, especially the big consumers of energy, to save energy, reduce carbon emissions, and improve the efficiency of energy use. The “forerunners” have been encouraged to play an exemplary role for other enterprises. China has organized the transformation of energy-intensive industries such as steel, power generation, and chemicals, to help them save energy and reduce carbon emissions. It has also strengthened the energy-saving management of key energy consumers, to enable large and medium-sized enterprises in key industries to reach advanced international levels in energy efficiency. Since 2012, China’s average annual economic growth of 6.6 percent has been supported by an average annual growth of 3 percent in energy consumption, and the energy consumption per RMB10,000 of GDP in 2021 was 26.4 percent lower than in 2012.

提升水资源利用效率。强化水资源刚性约束，依据水资源禀赋合理确定产业和城市布局。开展国家节水行动，实施水资源消耗总量和强度双控。对高耗水行业实施节水技术改造，推广农业高效节水灌溉。创建节水型城市，推行水效标识制度和节水产品认证，推广普及节水器具，城市人均综合用水量持续下降。中国还将再生水、淡化海水、集蓄雨水、微咸水、矿井水等非常规水源纳入水资源统一配置，有效缓解了缺水地区的水资源供需矛盾。2021年，万元国内生产总值用水量较2012年下降45%。

Improving the efficiency of water utilization. China has imposed increasingly rigid constraints on water use. Industrial and urban configurations are determined scientifically in accordance with water availability. China has launched nationwide water-saving campaigns to control the total amount and intensity of water consumption. It has upgraded water-saving technologies for industries with high water consumption, and promoted highly water-efficient irrigation for agriculture. It has advocated the building of water-saving cities, established a water efficiency labeling system, introduced certification standards for water conservation products, and promoted the use of water-saving products and appliances. The comprehensive per capita water consumption in cities is falling steadily. China has also incorporated unconventional water sources, such as reclaimed water, desalinated seawater, collected rainwater, brackish water, and mine water, into the unified allocation of water resources, which has effectively eased the strain on demand in areas with a shortage of water. Water consumption per RMB10,000 of GDP in 2021 was 45 percent lower than in 2012.

强化土地节约集约利用。完善城乡用地标准体系、严格各类建设用地标准管控和项目审批，推进交通、能源、水利等基础设施项目节约集约用地，严控新增建设用地。强化农村土地管理，稳步推进农村集体建设用地节约集约利用。建立建设用地增量安排与消化存量挂钩机制和闲置土地收回机制，盘活存量用地。2012－2021年，单位国内生产总值建设用地使用面积下降40.85%。

Strengthening the economical and intensive use of land. China has improved the standards for urban and rural land use. The designation, standards and approval of land use for all kinds of construction projects are strictly controlled, and the economical and intensive use of land in the construction of transport, energy, and water infrastructure is encouraged. China has strengthened the management of rural land, and promoted the economical and intensive use of rural land for collective construction projects. It has also established mechanisms for coordinating the use of existing land resources and made the arrangements for additional resources, and for recovering idle land, in order to put all existing land resources to good use. From 2012 to 2021, the area of land designated for construction projects per unit of GDP decreased by 40.85 percent.

科学利用海洋资源。严格管控围填海，除国家重大项目外，全面禁止围填海，分类处置围填海历史遗留问题。建立自然岸线保有率控制制度，对海岸线实施分类保护、节约利用，严格保护无居民海岛，最大程度减少开发利用。

Making scientific use of marine resources. China has strictly controlled land reclamation from the sea. It has prohibited all coastal reclamation activities except those for major national projects, and dealt with problems left over from history in this regard with different approaches. It has established a control system to retain natural shorelines, and carried out classified protection and economical utilization of them. It has strictly protected uninhabited islands at sea and minimized their development and utilization.

提高资源综合利用水平。开展绿色矿山建设，大力推进绿色勘查和绿色开采，提升重要矿产资源开采回采率、选矿回收率、综合利用率，累计建设国家级绿色矿山1101座。实施资源综合利用“双百工程”，开展国家“城市矿产”示范基地建设，完善废旧物资回收网络，统筹推进废旧资源循环利用，提升再生资源加工利用水平。2021年，废钢铁、废铜、废铝、废铅、废锌、废纸、废塑料、废橡胶、废玻璃等9种再生资源循环利用量达3.85亿吨。

Ensuring the comprehensive use of resources. China has advocated the construction of green mines, promoted green exploration and exploitation, and worked to increase the recovery rate, processing recovery rate, and multipurpose utilization rate of major mineral resources. A total of 1,101 state-level green mines have been built. China has selected a total of 100 pilot projects and 100 backbone enterprises to promote the comprehensive use of resources and started the construction of national demonstration bases for recovering mineral resources from city waste. It has also updated the waste material collection network, coordinated the recycling of waste resources, and improved the processing and utilization of renewable resources. In 2021, 385 million tonnes of nine renewable resources – waste iron and steel, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, paper, plastic, rubber, and glass – were recycled for new purposes.

五、绿色生活方式渐成时尚

V. Eco-Friendly Living Becomes the Prevailing Ethos

绿色发展同每个人息息相关，每个人都可以做绿色发展的践行者、推动者。中国积极弘扬生态文明价值理念，推动全民持续提升节约意识、环保意识、生态意识，自觉践行简约适度、绿色低碳的生活方式，形成全社会共同推进绿色发展的良好氛围。

Green development requires everyone’s efforts, and each of us can promote and practice green living. China actively promotes the values and ideas of eco-environmental conservation, raises public awareness to conserve resources and protect the eco-environment, and advocates the practice of a simpler, greener, and low-carbon lifestyle, creating a conducive social atmosphere for jointly promoting green development.

（一）生态文明教育持续推进

1. Continuing progress towards raising conservation awareness

把强化公民生态文明意识摆在更加突出的位置，系统推进生态文明宣传教育，倡导推动全社会牢固树立勤俭节约的消费理念和生活习惯。持续开展全国节能宣传周、中国水周、全国城市节约用水宣传周、全国低碳日、全民植树节、六五环境日、国际生物多样性日、世界地球日等主题宣传活动，积极引导和动员全社会参与绿色发展，推进绿色生活理念进家庭、进社区、进工厂、进农村。把绿色发展有关内容纳入国民教育体系，编写生态环境保护读本，在中小学校开展森林、草原、河湖、土地、水、粮食等资源的基本国情教育，倡导尊重自然、爱护自然的绿色价值观念。发布《公民生态环境行为规范（试行）》，引导社会公众自觉践行绿色生活理念，让生态环保思想成为社会主流文化，形成深刻的人文情怀。

China places particular emphasis on cultivating its citizens’ conservation awareness. It organizes systematic publicity and other awareness activities in this regard, and advocates a social environment and lifestyle of diligence and frugality. Publicity activities themed on National Energy-Saving Publicity Week, China’s Water Week, National Urban Water-Saving Week, National Low-Carbon Day, National Tree-Planting Day, World Environment Day, the International Day for Biological Diversity, and Earth Day, are organized on a regular basis to encourage and persuade the whole of society to engage in green development activities. The idea of eco-friendly living has become widely accepted in families, communities, factories, and rural areas. Material on green development has been incorporated into China’s national education system through compiling textbooks on eco-environmental conservation and carrying out education in primary and secondary schools on the condition of national resources including forests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, land, water and grain. Respect for and love of nature have been advocated. Environmental Code of Conduct for Citizens (for Trial Implementation) was published to guide the public to follow a green lifestyle. As a result, a culture of ecological and environmental protection has joined the mainstream and been cherished by all.

（二）绿色生活创建广泛开展

2. Widespread initiatives to promote eco-friendly lifestyles

广泛开展节约型机关、绿色家庭、绿色学校、绿色社区、绿色出行、绿色商场、绿色建筑等创建行动，将绿色生活理念普及推广到衣食住行游用等方方面面。截至目前，全国70%县级及以上党政机关建成节约型机关，近百所高校实现了水电能耗智能监管，109个城市高质量参与绿色出行创建行动。在地级以上城市广泛开展生活垃圾分类工作，居民主动分类的习惯逐步形成，垃圾分类效果初步显现。颁布实施《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》，大力推进粮食节约和反食品浪费工作，广泛深入开展“光盘”行动，节约粮食蔚然成风、成效显著。

China has launched initiatives to promote the building of resource conserving Party and government offices, and develop eco-friendly families, schools, communities, transport services, shopping malls, and buildings, popularizing eco-friendly habits in all areas including clothing, food, housing, transport, and tourism. To date, 70 percent of Party and government offices at and above county level are now committed to resource conservation, almost 100 colleges and universities have realized smart monitoring of water and electricity consumption, 109 cities have participated in green transport and commutes initiatives. Household waste sorting has been widely promoted in cities at or above prefecture level. Much progress is being made as residents gradually adopt the habit of sorting their waste. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Food Waste has been enacted, and initiatives launched to promote food saving and curb food waste including a “clean plate” campaign on a large scale, which have yielded remarkable results as more people are saving food.

（三）绿色产品消费日益扩大

3. Growing market of green products

积极推广新能源汽车、高能效家用电器等节能低碳产品。实施税收减免和财政补贴，持续完善充电基础设施，新能源汽车年销量从2012年的1.3万辆快速提升到2021年的352万辆，自2015年起产销量连续7年位居世界第一。同时，不断完善绿色产品认证采信推广机制，健全政府绿色采购制度，实施能效水效标识制度，引导促进绿色产品消费。推动绿色商场等绿色流通主体建设，鼓励推动共享经济、二手交易等新模式蓬勃发展，绿色消费品类愈加丰富，绿色消费群体持续扩大。

China has actively promoted energy-saving and low-carbon products such as new-energy vehicles and energy-efficient household appliances. It has provided tax reductions or exemptions and government subsidies for new-energy vehicles and continued to improve charging infrastructure. As a result, the sales of new-energy vehicles have rapidly risen from 13,000 in 2012 to 3.52 million in 2021. For the seven years since 2015, China has ranked first in the world in the production and sales of new-energy vehicles. In addition, China has steadily improved the certification and promotion system for green products and the green government procurement system, implemented an energy efficiency and water efficiency labeling system to encourage the consumption of green products. It has promoted the construction of green infrastructure in the circulation sector such as green shopping malls, and supported new business models such as the sharing economy and second-hand transactions. There is a richer variety of green products and a growing number of people who spend on green products.

六、绿色发展体制机制逐步完善

VI. Improving the Institutions and Mechanisms for Green Development

推进绿色发展，体制机制是关键。中国加快构建和完善导向清晰、决策科学、执行有力、激励有效的生态文明制度体系，持续提升绿色发展的政府治理效能，为绿色发展任务目标顺利实现提供坚实保障。

Sound institutions and mechanisms are essential to green development. With this understanding, China has stepped up efforts to create an eco-environmental conservation system based on clear orientation, sound decision-making, effective implementation, and strong incentives, and continued to improve government performance in promoting green development. This provides a solid guarantee for the realization of the country’s green development goals.

（一）加强法治建设

1. Strengthening the rule of law

坚持以法治理念、法治方式推动生态文明建设，将“生态文明建设”写入宪法，制定和修改长江保护法、黄河保护法、土地管理法、森林法、草原法、湿地保护法、环境保护法、环境保护税法以及大气、水、土壤污染防治法和核安全法等法律，覆盖各重点区域、各种类资源、各环境要素的生态文明法律法规体系基本建立。持续完善重点领域绿色发展标准体系，累计制修订绿色发展有关标准3000余项。实施省以下生态环境机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革，严厉查处自然资源、生态环境等领域违法违规行为。建立生态环境保护综合行政执法机关、公安机关、检察机关、审判机关信息共享、案情通报、案件移送制度，强化生态环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接，形成对破坏生态环境违法犯罪行为的查处侦办工作合力，为绿色发展提供了有力法治保障。

China is committed to the rule of law in pursuing progress in eco-environmental conservation. It has written into its Constitution eco-environmental improvement and conservation, and promulgated and/or revised laws such as the Yangtze River Protection Law, the Yellow River Protection Law, the Land Administration Law, the Forest Law, the Grass- land Law, the Wetland Protection Law, the Environmental Protection Law, the Law on Environmental Protection Tax, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, and the Nuclear Safety Law. A legal system for eco-environmental conservation that covers all key areas, all types of resources, and all environmental factors has taken shape. China has also made consistent efforts to refine green development standards for key areas – more than 3,000 such standards have been formulated or amended. To better investigate and strictly punish violations of laws and regulations concerning natural resources and the eco-environment, China has reformed the system that places the monitoring, supervision, and law enforcement activities of environmental protection bodies below the provincial level under the leadership of the same type of bodies at the immediate higher level. To strengthen coordination between the criminal justice system and law enforcement by government departments, China has established a system for procuratorates, courts, public security organs, and government departments responsible for coordinated law enforcement for environmental protection, enabling them to share relevant information, issue case briefings, and transfer cases among them. This has built a strong synergy for the investigation and punishment of environmental crimes, and provided powerful legal safeguards for green development.

（二）强化监督管理

2. Tightening supervision and management

建立完善推进绿色发展的目标评价考核制度，严格落实企业主体责任和政府监管责任。摒弃“唯GDP论英雄”的发展观、政绩观，将资源环境相关指标作为国民经济与社会发展的约束性指标，科学构建反映资源利用、能源消耗、环境损害、生态效益等情况的经济社会发展评价体系，充分发挥考核“指挥棒”作用。建立和落实领导干部生态文明建设责任制，制修订《党政领导干部生态环境损害责任追究办法（试行）》《中央生态环境保护督察工作规定》《领导干部自然资源资产离任审计规定（试行）》等党内法规，在生态环境保护领域严格实施“党政同责、一岗双责”、尽职免责、失职追责。开展领导干部自然资源资产离任审计，对领导干部生态环境损害责任实行终身追究。建立中央生态环境保护督察制度，压实生态环境保护工作责任，推动解决了人民群众反映强烈的突出环境问题。

China has improved the performance evaluation system for green development, and taken strict measures to ensure that enterprises fulfill their principal responsibilities and that the government performs the duty of supervision in pursuing green development. GDP growth is no longer the sole criterion for the assessment of the development of regions or the performance of officials. Instead, binding targets concerning resources and the environment are set for economic and social development, and a more balanced assessment system for economic and social development is in progress – one that measures the use of resources, energy consumption, environmental damage, and the eco-environmental impact. This allows assessment to play its full guiding role in promoting green development. China has put in place an accountability system for leading officials, and formulated and/or revised a number of CPC regulations, including the Measures for Holding Leading Officials of the Party and the Government Accountable for Environmental Damage (for Trial Implementation), the Regulations on Central Environmental Inspections, and the Regulations on the Auditing of Natural Resource Assets for Leading Officials at the End of Their Tenures (for Trial Implementation). These are designed to ensure that Party committees and governments assume equal responsibilities for environmental protection, that leading officials perform their environmental protection responsibilities with diligence, in addition to their other prescribed duties, and that they are held accountable when they fail to do so. China mandates end-of-tenure auditing of natural resource assets for leading officials, and imposes lifelong accountability for environmental damage. By implementing the central environmental inspection system, China has ensured that all parties concerned truly fulfill their responsibilities for environmental protection, and has solved many environmental issues of pressing public concern.

（三）健全市场化机制

3. Improving market-based mechanisms

中国逐步建立完善政府有力主导、企业积极参与、市场有效调节的体制机制，更好激发全社会参与绿色发展的积极性。创新和完善节水节能、污水垃圾处理、大气污染治理等重点领域的价格形成机制，实施50余项税费优惠政策，引导优化资源配置，支持促进资源节约和高效利用，推动绿色产业发展。建立统一的自然资源确权登记制度，在森林、草原、湿地、荒漠、水流、耕地等领域建立生态保护补偿机制。探索建立生态产品价值实现机制，鼓励支持社会资本参与生态保护修复。在科学合理控制总量的前提下，建立用水权、用能权、排污权、碳排放权初始分配和交易制度，开展全国碳排放权交易市场建设和绿色电力交易试点建设，进一步发挥市场在生态环境资源配置中的基础性作用。大力发展绿色金融，形成绿色信贷、绿色债券、绿色保险、绿色基金、绿色信托等多层次绿色金融产品和市场体系。截至2021年末，中国本外币绿色信贷余额15.9万亿元，绿色债券存量余额超过1.1万亿元，规模均居全球前列。

China is creating institutions and mechanisms for green development through which the government provides strong guidance, enterprises are fully engaged, and the market plays an effective role, thereby generating society-wide enthusiasm and participation. It has introduced new measures to improve the pricing mechanisms in key areas such as water and energy saving, sewage and waste treatment, and air pollution control, adopted more than 50 preferential policies to cut taxes and fees, encouraged better resource allocation, and supported conservation and efficient use of resources to advance green development. China has enforced a unified registration system for ownership of natural resources and an eco-environmental conservation compensation system that covers forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, water bodies and farmland. It is working on mechanisms for realizing the market value of ecosystem goods and services. China also encourages and supports private investment in environmental conservation and rehabilitation. On the base of a reasonable ceiling for total consumption, China has established initial allocation and trading systems for water, energy, pollution, and carbon permits. With the opening of the national carbon emissions trading market and trials in green electricity trading, progress is being made in allowing the market to play a fundamental role in the allocation of eco-environmental resources. In order to boost green finance, China has developed a multi-level market and a portfolio of green financial products, such as green credit, green bonds, green insurance, green funds, and green trust. At the end of 2021 China’s green loan balance in RMB and foreign currencies stood at RMB15.9 trillion, and its outstanding green bonds at RMB1.1 trillion, both ranking among the largest in the world.

七、携手共建美丽地球家园

VII. Building the Earth into a Beautiful Home

促进绿色发展、建设生态文明是全人类的共同事业。中国始终是全球生态文明建设的重要参与者、贡献者和引领者，坚定维护多边主义，积极参与打造利益共生、权利共享、责任共担的全球生态治理格局，为人类可持续发展作出贡献。

Green development and eco-environmental progress are the responsibility of all humanity. China has always been a major participant, contributor, and torchbearer in the global movement for building an eco-civilization. It firmly safeguards multilateralism, and is actively forging an international eco-environmental governance pattern in which countries align their interests and share their rights and responsibilities. This is how China does its part in pursuing the sustainable development of humanity.

（一）积极参与全球气候治理

1. Participating in global climate governance

中国坚持公平原则、共同但有区别的责任原则和各自能力原则，坚定落实《联合国气候变化框架公约》，以积极建设性姿态参与全球气候谈判议程，为《巴黎协定》达成和落实作出历史性贡献，推动构建公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系。提高国家自主贡献力度，将完成全球最高碳排放强度降幅，用全球历史上最短时间实现碳达峰到碳中和，充分体现负责任大国的担当。积极开展应对气候变化南南合作，2016年起在发展中国家启动10个低碳示范区、100个减缓和适应气候变化项目、1000个应对气候变化培训名额的合作项目，实施了200多个应对气候变化的援外项目。

Following the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, China has acted in accordance with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, actively participated in global climate negotiations in a constructive manner, and made historic contributions to the conclusion and implementation of the Paris Agreement. In doing so, it helps to build a fair, rational, and mutually beneficial global climate governance system. China has reinforced the effort to achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It will make the steepest cuts in the world to the intensity of its carbon emissions, and complete the process from carbon emissions peaking to carbon neutrality in the shortest span of time. This fully demonstrates its strong sense of responsibility as a major country. China is also an active participant in South-South cooperation on climate change. Since 2016, working in other developing countries, it has launched 10 low-carbon demonstration zones, 100 projects for climate change mitigation and adaption, training sessions on climate change response for 1,000 people, and more than 200 foreign assistance programs on climate change.

应对气候变化合作会遇到各种波折和困难，但中国始终是全球气候治理的行动派和实干家。中国将坚定不移推动实现碳达峰碳中和目标，一如既往积极参与应对气候变化国际合作，建设性参与气候变化国际谈判，向发展中国家提供力所能及的支持和帮助，继续为应对全球气候变化重大挑战作出中国贡献。

International cooperation on climate change may encounter difficulties and setbacks, but China will remain committed to improving global climate governance and taking solid actions. As always, it will work with firm resolve towards the goals of carbon emissions peaking and carbon neutrality, actively participate in international cooperation on climate change, engage in international negotiations on climate change in a constructive manner, and do everything in its power to support and assist other developing countries in this realm. In doing so, China will continue to contribute to global efforts to tackle the grave challenge of climate change.

（二）推进共建绿色“一带一路”

2. Building a green Belt and Road

中国始终致力于推进共建“一带一路”绿色发展，让绿色切实成为共建“一带一路”的底色。积极推动建立共建“一带一路”绿色低碳发展合作机制，与联合国环境规划署签署《关于建设绿色“一带一路”的谅解备忘录》，与有关国家及国际组织签署50多份生态环境保护合作文件。与31个共建国家共同发起“一带一路”绿色发展伙伴关系倡议，与32个共建国家共同建立“一带一路”能源合作伙伴关系。发起建立“一带一路”绿色发展国际联盟，成立“一带一路”绿色发展国际研究院，建设“一带一路”生态环保大数据服务平台，帮助共建国家提高环境治理能力、增进民生福祉。积极帮助共建国家加强绿色人才培养，实施“绿色丝路使者计划”，已为120多个共建国家培训3000人次。制定实施《“一带一路”绿色投资原则》，推动“一带一路”绿色投资。中国企业在共建国家投资建设了一批可再生能源项目，帮助共建国家建设了一批清洁能源重点工程，为所在国绿色发展提供了有力支撑。

China is committed to working with other countries on promoting green development under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), making it a green initiative. In order to establish a cooperation mechanism for green and low-carbon development under the BRI, China has signed an MoU with the United Nations Environment Programme on building a green Belt and Road, and reached more than 50 cooperation agreements on eco-environmental conservation with relevant countries and international organizations. It has also launched the Initiative for Belt and Road Partner-ship on Green Development with 31 countries, established the Belt and Road Energy Partnership (BREP) with 32 countries, led the creation of the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC), founded the BRI Green Development Institute, and launched the BRI Environmental Big Data Platform. China has helped other participants in the BRI to build up their environmental governance capacity and improve their people’s well-being. It also helps these countries in training personnel for green development, having trained 3,000 people from more than 120 countries under the Green Silk Road Envoys Program. China formulated the Green Investment Principles for the Belt and Road to encourage such investments in related regions. Concurrently, Chinese enterprises have funded renewable energy projects in other BRI countries, and helped them build a number of major clean energy facilities. All these efforts have boosted green development in these countries.

（三）广泛开展双多边国际合作

3. Carrying out extensive bilateral and multilateral cooperation

中国积极推进资源节约和生态环境保护领域务实合作。成功举办《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会第一阶段会议，以及《湿地公约》第十四届缔约方大会。积极参与二十国集团、中国－东盟、东盟－中日韩、东亚峰会、中非合作论坛、金砖国家、上海合作组织、亚太经合组织等框架下能源转型、能效提升等方面合作，牵头制定《二十国集团能效引领计划》，成为二十国集团领导人杭州峰会重要成果。落实全球发展倡议，推动建立全球清洁能源合作伙伴关系。同时，与印度、巴西、南非、美国、日本、德国、法国、东盟等多个国家和地区开展节能环保、清洁能源、应对气候变化、生物多样性保护、荒漠化防治、海洋和森林资源保护等合作，推动联合国有关机构、亚洲开发银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行、新开发银行、全球环境基金、绿色气候基金、国际能源署、国际可再生能源署等国际组织在工业、农业、能源、交通运输、城乡建设等重点领域开展绿色低碳技术援助、能力建设和试点项目，为推动全球可持续发展作出了重要贡献。

China has taken active steps to advance practical cooperation on saving resources and protecting the eco-environment. It successfully hosted the first part of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) and the 14th meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. China is an active participant in cooperation on energy transition and energy efficiency under the frameworks of G20, China-ASEAN partnership, ASEAN Plus Three, East Asia Summit, Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It took the lead in formulating the G20 Energy Efficiency Leading Programme, a key outcome of the G20 Hangzhou Summit. It has put into action the Global Development Initiative, and worked for the establishment of the Global Clean Energy Cooperation Partnership.

China has also carried out cooperation with other countries and regions – including India, Brazil, South Africa, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and ASEAN countries – in the fields of energy conservation, environmental protection, clean energy, response to climate change, biodiversity protection, prevention and control of desertification, and conservation of marine and forest resources. China also supports international organizations, including the UN agencies, Asian Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, New Development Bank, Global Environment Facility, Green Climate Fund, International Energy Agency, and International Renewable Energy Agency, in carrying out technological assistance, capacity building and trial programs for green and low-carbon development in key sectors such as industry, agriculture, energy, transport, and urban-rural development. Through these efforts China has made a significant contribution to advancing sustainable development worldwide.

结束语

Conclusion

中国已迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴新征程。人与自然和谐共生的现代化，是中国式现代化的重要特征。

China has embarked on a new journey to build itself into a modern socialist country in all respects and advance the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Harmony between humanity and nature is an important feature of China’s modernization.

中共二十大擘画了中国未来发展蓝图，描绘了青山常在、绿水长流、空气常新的美丽中国画卷。中国将坚定不移走绿色发展之路，推进生态文明建设，推动实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展，让绿色成为美丽中国最鲜明、最厚重、最牢靠的底色，让人民在绿水青山中共享自然之美、生命之美、生活之美。

The just-concluded 20th CPC National Congress has made strategic plans for China’s future development which will help to create a better environment with greener mountains, cleaner water, and clearer air. China will keep to the path of green development, continue to build an eco-civilization, and strive to realize development with a higher level of quality, efficiency, equity, sustainability and security. We will make “green” a defining feature of a beautiful China and allow the people to share the beauty of nature and life in a healthy environment.

地球是全人类赖以生存的唯一家园，人与自然是生命共同体。保护生态环境、推动可持续发展，是各国的共同责任。中国愿与国际社会一道，同筑生态文明之基，同走绿色发展之路，守护好绿色地球家园，建设更加清洁、美丽的世界。

The earth is our one and only home, and humanity and nature form a community of life. It is the common responsibility of all countries to protect the environment and promote sustainable development. China stands ready to work with the international community to advance eco-environmental conservation, promote green development, protect the green earth, and build a cleaner and more beautiful world.