1993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section ⅠUse of English

Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ___1___in a single large building.

The importance of interior design becomes   2   when we realize how much time we   __3_  surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be _ 4   attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect   5   place to be appropriate to its use. You would be   6   if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look   7   the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel   8   in a business office that has the appearance of a school.

It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic   9   is the function of the particular   10  . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and   11   few entries and exits will not work for   12   purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be   13  . Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same kind of   14 _. He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor.   15 _addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served

1. [A] consisted  [B] contained  [C] composed  [D] comprised

2. [A] obscure  [B] attractive  [C] appropriate  [D] evident

3. [A] spend   [B] require  [C] settle   [D] retain

4. [A] so   [B] as   [C] thus    [D] such

5. [A] some   [B] any   [C] this    [D] each

6. [A] amused  [B] interested  [C] shocked   [D] frightened

7. [A] like   [B] for   [C] at    [D] into

8. [A] correct   [B] proper  [C] right    [D] suitable

9. [A] care   [B] concern  [C] attention   [D] intention

10. [A] circumstance [B] environment [C] surroundings  [D] space

11. [A] too   [B] quite  [C] a    [D] far

12. [A] their   [B] its   [C] those    [D] that

13. [A] painted  [B] covered  [C] ornamented  [D] decorated

14. [A] solutions  [B] conclusions [C] decisions   [D] determinations

15. [A] For   [B] In   [C] As    [D] with

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Passage 1

Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of FrederickⅠin the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.

All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.

Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.

Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling ( 咿呀学语) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

16. The purpose of Frederick Ⅰ’s experiment was__

[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak

[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech

[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak

[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language

17. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__

[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly

[B] they are exposed to too much language at once

[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak

[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them

18. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that

[A] he is born with the capacity to speak

[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s

[C] he can produce his own sentences

[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing

19. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?

[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.

[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.

[C] The child’ s brain is highly selective.

[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.

20. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will

[A] have a high IQ     [B] be less intelligent

[C] be insensitive to verbal signals  [D] not necessarily be backward

Passage 2

In general , our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic ( 官僚主义的)management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

21. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is

[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible

[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society

[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly

[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly

22. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that

[A] they are likely to lose their jobs

[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life

[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence

[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence

23. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those

[A] who are at the bottom of the society

[B] who are higher up in their social status

[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors

[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world

24. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should

[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors

[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees

[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities

[D] take the fundamental realities for granted

25. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __

[A] approval  [B] dissatisfaction  [C] suspicion  [D] tolerance

Passage 3

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. 

A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.

Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.

The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.

Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.

Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new ideas” are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

26. The passage is mainly about

[A] an approach to patents   [B] the application for patents

[C] the use of patents    [D] the access to patents

27. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

[A] When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.

[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention publc.

[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.

[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.

28. George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because

[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time

[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time

[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes

[D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time

29. The word “plagiarize”(line 8 , Para. 5) most probably means “_”.

[A] steal and use    [B] give reward to

[C] make public    [D] take and change

30. From the passage we learn that

[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice

[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago

[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one

[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents

Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation

(31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (32) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.

There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (35)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)

DIRECTIONS:

A. Title: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV

B. Time limit: 40 minutes

C. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D. Your composition should be based at the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen.” 

E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. 

OUTLINE:

l. Present state

2. Reasons

3. My comments

1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S. space shuttle. ___1___ it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ___2___ of flying into space and returning many times. ___3___ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65,000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry, as ___4___ as a variety of military hardware. ___5___ more significantly, it will ___6___ materials and machines into space for industrial purposes ___7___ two decades ago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was ___8___ to the vocabulary. In short, the ___9___ importance of the shuttle lies in its ___10___ as an economic tool.

What makes the space shuttle ___11___ is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane. ___12___, when it has accomplished its ___13___, it can be ready for ___14___ trip in about two weeks.

The space shuttle, the world’s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step ___15___ making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.

1. ［A］ In        ［B］On        ［C］By          ［D］ With

2. ［A］ capable    ［B］ suitable   ［C］ efficient     ［D］ fit

3. ［A］ Served     ［B］ Powered  ［C］ Forced      ［D］ Reinforced

4. ［A］ far        ［B］ well      ［C］ much       ［D］ long

5. ［A］ Then      ［B］ Or        ［C］ But        ［D］ So

6. ［A］ supply     ［B］ introduce   ［C］ deliver     ［D］ transfer

7. ［A］ unimagined ［B］ unsettled   ［C］ uncovered  ［D］unsolved

8. ［A］ attributed   ［B］ contributed ［C］ applied     ［D］ added

9. ［A］ general     ［B］ essential   ［C］ prevailing   ［D］ ultimate

10. ［A］ promise    ［B］ prosperity ［C］ popularity   ［D］ priority

11. ［A］ exceptional  ［B］ strange   ［C］ unique      ［D］ rare

12. ［A］ Thus       ［B］ Whereas  ［C］ Nevertheless  ［D］ Yet

13. ［A］ venture      ［B］mission   ［C］ commission  ［D］ responsibility

14. ［A］ new        ［B］ another   ［C］ certain      ［D］ subsequent

15. ［A］ for         ［B］ by       ［C］ in          ［D］ through

Part ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)

Passage 1

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. (Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.)

Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.

However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.

A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.

16. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by________.
[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog
[B] the rhythm of modern life
[C] the behavior of the driver
[D] traffic conditions

17.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule.”(Para.1) implies that___.
[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists
[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally
[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog
[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists

18. By “good sense”, the writer means_____.
[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably
[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions
[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior
[D] the driver’s acknowledgment of politeness and regulations

19. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, __________.
[A] road users should make more sacrifice
[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other
[C]drivers should have more communication among themselves
[D]drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others

20. In the writer’s opinion, ___________.
[A]strict traffic regulations are badly needed
[B]drivers should apply road politeness properly
[C] rude drivers should be punished
[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams

Passage 2

In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror—the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.

According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3°C warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.

In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.

Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.

However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?

One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold” spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.

Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counte-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.

21.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would_____.
[A] prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface
[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic
[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
[D] raise the temperature of the earth’s surface

22. The article was written to explain________.
[A] the greenhouse effect
[B] the solar effects on the earth
[C] the models of solar-weather interactions
[D] the causes affecting weather

23. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is___________.
[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising
[B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting
[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate
[D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy

24. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that________.
[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect
[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects
[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect

25. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ___________.
[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels
[B]ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly
[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth

Passage 3

Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.

One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey(曲棍球)final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said:“This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.

The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.

Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals or in non-national teams might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.

26. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have _______.
[A] created goodwill between the nations
[B] bred only false national pride
[C] barely showed any international friendship
[D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred

27.What did the manager mean by saying, “...Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”?
[A] His team would no longer take part in international games.
[B]Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions.
[C]There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.
[D] The Federation should be dissolved.

28. The basketball example implied that______.
[A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident
[B] the announcement to prolong the match was wrong
[C] the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision
[D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals

29. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show____________.
[A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games
[B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be
[C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship
[D] that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games

30. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
[A]The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.
[B]Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.
[C] Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.
[D]International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.

Part B

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)

“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. 31) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. 32) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.

The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.

33) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 34) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; What we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. 35) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

Section Ⅲ Writing(15points)

Directions:

ATitle: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD

BTime limit:40 minutes

CWord limit:120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

DYour composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.

EYour composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1Present situation: Lack of communication between parent and child

2Possible reasons:

1) Different likes and dislikes； 2)Misunderstanding；3)Others

3Suggestions

1) For parents；2) For children