白皮书：中美经贸磋商的中方立场

四是阻碍美对华出口。美中贸易全国委员会2019年5月1日发布的《各州对华出口报告——2019》指出，2009年至2018年十年间，美国对华出口支撑了超过110万个美国就业岗位，中国市场对美国经济至关重要。在此十年中，美国48个州对华货物出口实现累计增长，其中44个州实现两位数增长，但在中美经贸摩擦加剧的2018年，美国仅有16个州对华货物出口实现增长，34个州对华出口下降，其中24个州出现两位数降幅，中西部农业州受损最为严重。受关税措施影响的美国农产品对华出口同比减少33.1%，其中大豆降幅近50%，美国业界担心从此失去培育了近40年的中国市场。

Fourth, the tariff measures lead to barriers to US exports to China. The 2019 State Export Report, published by the US-China Business Council on May 1, 2019, stated that in the ten years from 2009 to 2018, US exports to China supported over 1.1 million jobs. The Chinese market continues its importance to US economic growth. Forty-eight states of the US have increased their goods exports to China during the last decade – 44 of them by double digits – while in 2018, when economic and trade friction worsened, only 16 states increased their goods exports to China. Thirty-four states exported fewer goods to China, with 24 of them seeing a double-digit decrease. The Midwestern agricultural states were hit particularly hard. Under tariff measures, exports of American agricultural produce to China decreased by 33.1 percent year-on-year, including a 50 percent drop in soybeans. US businesses are worried that they might lose the Chinese market, which they have been cultivating for nearly 40 years.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. The 2019 State Export Report 《各州对华出口报告——2019》

2. a double-digit decrease 两位数降幅

3. soybean 美 ['sɔɪˌbin]  n. 大豆;黄豆。

（三）美国贸易霸凌行径殃及全球

(III) US trade bullying harms the world

经济全球化是不可阻挡的时代潮流，以邻为壑的单边主义、保护主义不得人心。美国采取的一系列贸易保护措施，违反世界贸易组织规则，损害多边贸易体制，严重干扰全球产业链和供应链，损害市场信心，给全球经济复苏带来严峻挑战，给经济全球化趋势造成重大威胁。

Economic globalization is a firmly-established trend of the times. Beggar-thy-neighbor unilateralism and protectionism are unpopular. The trade protectionist measures taken by the US go against the WTO rules, damage the multilateral trading system, seriously disrupt global industrial chains and supply chains, undermine market confidence, and pose a serious challenge to global economic recovery and a major threat to the trend of economic globalization.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. a firmly-established trend of the times  不可阻挡的时代潮流

2. Beggar-thy-neighbor unilateralism and protectionism 以邻为壑的单边主义、保护主义

3. disrupt  美 [dɪsˈrʌpt]  v.扰乱;使中断;打乱。这里是干扰的意思。

一是损害多边贸易体制权威。美国依据国内法发起“201”“232”“301”等一系列单边调查，并采取加征关税措施，严重违反世界贸易组织最基本最核心的最惠国待遇、关税约束等规则。这种单边主义、保护主义行为不仅损害中国和其他成员利益，更损害了世界贸易组织及其争端解决机制的权威性，使多边贸易体制和国际贸易秩序面临险境。

First, the US measures are undermining the authority of the multilateral trading system. The US has launched a series of unilateral investigations, including those under Sections 201, 232 and 301, and imposed tariff measures. These are a serious breach of the most fundamental and central WTO rules, including most-favored-nation treatment and tariff binding. Such unilateralist and protectionist actions have harmed the interests of China and other WTO members. More importantly, they have undermined the authority of the WTO and its dispute settlement system, and exposed the multilateral trading system and international trade order to peril.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. multilateral trading system 多边贸易体制

2. most-favored-nation treatment 最惠国待遇

3. peril  美 [ˈperəl] n. 严重危险;祸害;险情。这里是险境的意思。

二是威胁全球经济增长。全球经济尚未完全走出国际金融危机的阴影，美国政府升级经贸摩擦、提高关税水平，相关国家不得不采取相应措施，导致全球经贸秩序紊乱，阻碍全球经济复苏，殃及各国企业发展和人民福祉，使全球经济落入“衰退陷阱”。2019年1月，世界银行发布《全球经济展望》报告，将2019年全球经济增长预期进一步降至2.9%，贸易关系持续紧张是主要下行风险之一（注12）。国际货币基金组织2019年4月发布的《世界经济展望》报告，将2019年全球经济增长预期从2018年预计的3.6%下调至3.3%，并表示经贸摩擦可能会进一步抑制全球经济增长，继续削弱本已疲弱的投资（注13）。

Second, the US measures threaten global economic growth. With the shadow of the international financial crisis still lingering over the global economy, the US government has escalated economic and trade friction and hiked additional tariffs, provoking corresponding measures by the countries involved. This disrupts global economic and trade order, dampens world economic recovery, and undermines the development of companies and the well-being of people in all countries, plunging the world economy into the “recession trap”. Global Economic Prospects released by the World Bank in January 2019 revised its forecast for global economic growth down further to 2.9 percent, citing continuous trade friction as a major downward risk. The International Monetary Fund also marked down its projection of world economic growth for 2019 to 3.3 percent from the 2018 estimate of 3.6 percent in its World Economic Outlook report published in April 2019, suggesting that economic and trade friction could further depress global economic growth and weaken already anemic investment.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. escalate 美 [ˈeskəleɪt]  v.(使)逐步扩大，不断恶化，加剧。the US government has escalated economic and trade friction 美国政府升级经贸摩擦；这里引申为了升级的意思。

2. hike additional tariffs 提高关税水平

3. the “recession trap”  “衰退陷阱”

三是扰乱全球产业链、供应链。中美都是全球产业链、供应链的重要环节。中国对美出口的最终产品中包含大量从他国进口的中间产品和零部件。美国对来自中国的进口产品加征关税，受害的将是包括美国企业在内的与中国企业合作的众多跨国公司。加征关税措施导致供应链成本人为增加，影响供应链的稳定和安全。部分企业被迫调整供应链全球布局，全球资源无法实现最佳配置。

Third, the US moves disrupt global industrial and supply chains. China and the US are both key links in global industrial and supply chains. Given the large volume of intermediary goods and components from other countries in Chinese end-products exported to the US, US tariff hikes will hurt all the multinationals – not least those from the US – that work with Chinese companies. The tariff measures artificially drive up the costs of supply chains, and undermine their stability and security. As a result, some businesses are forced to readjust their global supply chains at the expense of optimal resource allocation.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. disrupt global industrial and supply chains 扰乱全球产业链、供应链。

2. drive up 增加

3. optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置

可以预见，美国最新采取的对华关税升级措施，不但解决不了问题，还将进一步损害各方利益，中国对此坚决反对。近期，美国政府以所谓国家安全的“莫须有”名义，连续对华为等多家中国企业实施“长臂管辖”制裁，中国同样坚决反对。

It is foreseeable that the latest US tariff hikes on China, far from resolving issues, will only make things worse for all sides. China stands firm in opposition. Recently, the US administration imposed “long-arm jurisdiction” and sanctions against Huawei and other Chinese companies on the fabricated basis of national security, to which China is also firmly opposed.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. China stands firm in opposition. 中国坚决反对

2. “long-arm jurisdiction” “长臂管辖”

3. fabricate 美 [ˈfæbrɪkeɪtɪd]  v. 编造;捏造;制造;装配;组装；fabricated是它的过去分词和过去式。这里引申为了“莫须有”的意思。

二、美国在中美经贸磋商中出尔反尔、不讲诚信

II. The US has backtracked on its commitments in the China-US economic and trade consultations

美国挑起经贸摩擦后，中国不得不采取应对措施，两国贸易、投资关系受到影响。双方从两国人民福祉需要、从各自经济发展需要出发，都认为有必要坐下来进行谈判，通过磋商解决问题。自2018年2月经贸磋商启动以来，已取得很大进展，两国就大部分内容达成共识，但磋商也经历了几次波折，每次波折都源于美国的违背共识、出尔反尔、不讲诚信。

In response to the economic and trade friction started by the US, China has been forced to take countermeasures, as bilateral trade and investment relations took a hit. For the well-being of the Chinese and American people and the economic development of the two countries, both sides deemed it necessary to come to the negotiating table to seek a solution through consultation. Since they were launched in February 2018, the economic and trade consultations have come a long way with the two sides agreeing on most parts of the deal. But the consultations have not been free of setbacks, each of them being the result of a US breach of consensus and commitments, and backtracking.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. take a hit 受到影响

2. consensus 美 [kənˈsensəs]  n. 一致的意见;共识

3. backtrack 美 [ˈbæktræk] v. 原路返回;折回;折返;(屈于压力而)改变声明(或主张)，出尔反尔;退缩。

（一）第一次出尔反尔

(I) The first US backtracking

中国从一开始就主张，中美经贸摩擦应通过谈判磋商解决。2018年2月初，美国政府提出希望中国派高级别代表团赴美进行经贸磋商。中国展示了极大诚意，作出积极努力，先后与美国举行了数轮高级别经贸磋商，重点就贸易不平衡等问题深入交换意见，并就扩大自美国进口农产品、能源产品等初步达成共识，取得重要进展。但是，2018年3月22日，美国政府抛出所谓对华“301调查”报告，对中国提出“盗窃知识产权”“强制技术转让”等不实指责，并基于此宣称将对从中国进口的价值500亿美元商品加征25%关税。微博@高斋翻硕；公众号：高斋外刊双语精读

China had advocated resolving economic and trade friction through negotiation and consultation from the start. In early February 2018, the US government expressed the wish that China send a high-level delegation to the US to engage in economic and trade consultation. Demonstrating great goodwill and positive efforts, China held several rounds of high-level economic and trade consultations with the US, characterized by in-depth exchanges of views on trade imbalance among other major issues. The two sides made substantial progress as they reached preliminary consensus on expanding China’s imports of agricultural and energy products from the US. However, on March 22, 2018, the US government unveiled the so-called report on Section 301 investigation of China, falsely accusing China of “IP theft” and “forced technology transfer”, and subsequently announced an additional tariff of 25 percent on US$50 billion of Chinese exports to the US.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. a high-level delegation 高级别代表团

2. “IP theft”  “盗窃知识产权”

3. “forced technology transfer”  “强制技术转让”

（二）第二次出尔反尔

(II) The second US backtracking

中国政府以两国关系大局为重，再次派出工作团队同美国进行了认真磋商。2018年5月19日，中美发布联合声明，达成了“双方不打贸易战”的共识，同意继续保持高层沟通，积极寻求解决各自关注的经贸问题。美国公开表示，暂停推进对华加征关税计划。2018年5月29日，美国政府不顾国内工商界和广大民众的反对，在双方发布联合声明仅10天后就推翻磋商共识，对中国的经济体制、贸易政策横加指责，宣布将继续推进加征关税计划。自2018年7月初以来，美国分三次对500亿美元中国输美商品加征25%的关税、对2000亿美元中国输美商品加征10%的关税，并称自2019年1月1日起将税率提高至25%。美国还威胁要对剩余所有中国输美商品加征关税，导致两国间的经贸摩擦快速升级。中国为捍卫国家尊严和人民利益，不得不作出必要反应，累计对1100亿美元美国输华商品加征关税。

Taking a big-picture view of the bilateral relationship, the Chinese government sent a working team again to the US to engage in genuine consultations. On May 19, 2018, China and the US issued a joint statement, agreeing to refrain from fighting a trade war, to continue high-level communications, and to actively seek solutions to respective economic and trade concerns. The US publicly announced that it would suspend the plan for additional tariffs on Chinese goods. On May 29, 2018, despite the opposition of its domestic business community and the general public, the US administration tore up the consensus just ten days after the joint statement, gratuitously criticizing China’s economic system and trade policy, while announcing the resumption of the tariff program. Starting from early July 2018, in three steps, the US imposed additional tariffs of 25 percent on Chinese exports worth US$50 billion, and additional tariffs of 10 percent on US$200 billion of Chinese exports, which, according to the US, would be raised to 25 percent on January 1, 2019. In addition, the US threatened further tariffs on all remaining Chinese exports, leading to quick escalation of the economic and trade friction between the two countries. In defense of its national dignity and its people’s interests, China had to respond in kind and raised tariffs on imports worth US$110 billion from the US.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. a big-picture view of 大局观

2. tore up  美 [tɔːr ʌp] 撕毁;撕碎。tore up the consensus 推翻磋商共识

3. gratuitously adv.无偿地；不必要地；无缘无故地；平白地。gratuitously criticizing China’s economic system and trade policy 对中国的经济体制、贸易政策横加指责这里暗含了无缘无故地；平白地的意思。

（三）第三次出尔反尔

(III) The third US backtracking

2018年11月1日，美国总统特朗普同习近平主席通电话，并提议举行两国元首会晤。12月1日，中美两国元首在阿根廷二十国集团领导人峰会期间举行会晤，就双边经贸问题达成重要共识，同意停止相互加征新的关税，在90天内加紧开展磋商，朝着取消所有加征关税的方向努力。此后90天里，中美工作团队在北京和华盛顿举行3轮高级别磋商，就中美经贸协议的原则内容达成许多初步共识。2019年2月25日，美方宣布推迟原定的3月1日起对价值2000亿美元中国输美商品提高关税的期限。3月底至4月底，两国工作团队又进行3轮高级别磋商，取得实质性进展。经过多轮磋商，两国已就大部分问题达成一致。针对遗留问题，中国政府提出，双方要互谅互让，共同寻找解决分歧的办法。

On November 1, 2018, US President Donald Trump had a telephone conversation with Chinese President Xi Jinping and proposed a summit meeting. On December 1 the two presidents had a meeting on the margins of the G20 Summit in Argentina. In accordance with their important consensus on economic and trade issues, the two sides agreed to halt new additional tariffs for 90 days to allow for intensive talks geared toward the full elimination of all additional tariffs. In the ensuing 90 days, the working teams of China and the US held three rounds of high-level consultations in Beijing and Washington D.C., reaching preliminary consensus on many matters of principle for the China-US economic and trade deal. On February 25, 2019, the US announced the postponement of the additional tariffs scheduled for March 1 on US$200 billion of Chinese exports to the US. From late March to early April, the working teams of the two countries held another three rounds of high-level consultations and made substantial progress. Following numerous rounds of consultations, the two countries had agreed on most of the issues. Regarding the remaining issues, the Chinese government urged mutual understanding and compromise for solutions to be found.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. margin 美 [ˈmɑːrdʒɪn] n. 页边空白;白边;(获胜者在时间或票数上领先的)幅度，差额，差数;余地;备用的时间(或空间、金钱等)。on the margins of the G20 Summit 在阿根廷二十国集团领导人峰会期间 这里引申为了“在……期间”的意思。

2. postponement 美 [poʊˈspoʊnmənt]  n. 推迟;延期;延缓。

3. urge 美 [ɜːrdʒ]  v.敦促;催促;力劝;大力推荐;竭力主张;驱赶;鞭策n.强烈的欲望;冲动。这里是提出、主张的意思。

然而，美国政府得寸进尺，采取霸凌主义态度和极限施压手段，坚持不合理的高要价，坚持不取消经贸摩擦以来加征的全部关税，坚持在协议中写入涉及中国主权事务的强制性要求，导致双方迟迟未能弥合剩余分歧。2019年5月6日，美国不负责任地指责中国立场“倒退”，企图将谈判迄未完成的责任归咎于中国，并不顾中国坚决反对，自5月10日起将2000亿美元中国输美商品加征关税税率由10%提高至25%，导致中美经贸磋商严重受挫。5月13日，美国宣布启动对剩余约3000亿美元中国输美商品加征关税的程序。上述举动与中美元首通过磋商化解摩擦的共识相悖，与两国和世界各国人民的期待相悖，给双边经贸磋商和世界经济增长前景蒙上了阴影。为捍卫自身利益，中国不得不采取加征关税的措施予以应对。微博@高斋翻硕；公众号：高斋外刊双语精读

But the more the US government is offered, the more it wants. Resorting to intimidation and coercion, it persisted with exorbitant demands, maintained the additional tariffs imposed since the friction began, and insisted on including mandatory requirements concerning China’s sovereign affairs in the deal, which only served to delay the resolution of remaining differences. On May 6, 2019, the US irresponsibly accused China of backtracking on its position to shift the blame for the inconclusive talks onto China. Despite China’s fierce opposition, the US raised the additional tariffs on US$200 billion of Chinese exports to the US from 10 percent to 25 percent, which represented a serious setback to the economic and trade consultations. On May 13 the US announced that it had launched procedures to slap additional tariffs on remaining Chinese goods, which are worth around US$300 billion. These acts contradicted the agreement reached by the two presidents to ease friction through consultation – and the expectations of people around the world – casting a shadow over the bilateral economic and trade consultations and world economic growth. In defense of its own interests, China had to take tariff measures in response.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. the more the US government is offered, the more it wants. 美国政府得寸进尺

2. coercion 美 [koʊˈɜːrʒn] n. 强迫;胁迫。resorting to intimidation and coercion 采取霸凌主义态度和极限施压手段 这里暗含了强迫;胁迫的意思。

3. exorbitant 美 [ɪɡˈzɔːrbɪtənt]  adj. 过高的;高得离谱的。

（四）中美经贸磋商严重受挫，责任完全在美国政府

(IV) The US government should bear the sole and entire responsibility for this severe setback to the China-US economic and trade consultations

美国政府指责中国在磋商中“开倒车”完全是无稽之谈。在双方磋商仍在进行的过程中，就文本内容及相关表述提出修改建议、做出调整，这是贸易谈判的通常做法，美国政府在过去十余轮谈判中曾不断调整相关诉求，随意指责中方“倒退”是不负责任的。历史经验证明，试图通过泼脏水、拆台、极限施压等手段达成协议，只会破坏双方合作关系，错失历史机遇。

The US government accusation of Chinese backtracking is totally groundless. It is common practice for both sides to make new proposals for adjustments to the text and language in ongoing consultations. In the previous more than ten rounds of negotiations, the US administration kept changing its demands. It is reckless to accuse China of “backtracking” while the talks are still under way. Historical experience has proved that any attempt to force a deal through tactics such as smears, undermining and maximum pressure will only spoil the cooperative relationship. Historic opportunities will be missed.

CATTI和MTI学习笔记：

1. language 美 [ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ]  n. 语言;语言文字;言语;说话;某种类型的言语(或语言)。 这里引申为了“表述”的意思。

2. tactic 美 [ˈtæktɪk]  n. 策略;手段;招数;战术;兵法。

3. smear 美 [smɪr]  v. (用油性或稀软物质)胡乱涂抹;弄脏;弄上油污;诽谤;诋毁n.污迹;污渍;污点;(尤指政治上的)抹黑，丑化。这里是泼脏水的意思，暗含了(尤指政治上的)抹黑，丑化的意思。