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Pneumonia

肺炎

Pneumonia is an infection of lungs that is most commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. These infections are generally spread by direct contact with infected people.

肺炎是一种影响肺部的急性呼吸道感染，可由病毒、细菌或真菌引起。肺炎一般通过与感染者直接接触传播。

Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy person breathes. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake.

肺炎是一种影响肺部的急性呼吸道感染。肺由称为肺泡的小气囊组成，当健康的人呼吸时会充满空气。患肺炎时，肺泡充满了脓和液体，使呼吸产生疼痛并限制吸氧量。

Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Pneumonia killed 808 694 children under the age of 5 in 2017, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under five years old. Pneumonia affects children and families everywhere, but is most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Children can be protected from pneumonia, it can be prevented with simple interventions, and treated with low-cost, low-tech medication and care.

肺炎是全世界儿童因感染导致死亡的主要原因。2017年，肺炎估计造成808694名五岁以下儿童死亡，占五岁以下儿童死亡人数的15%。肺炎影响所有地方的儿童和家庭，但在南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲最为流行。儿童可以被保护从而免受肺炎的影响，因为肺炎可用简单的干预措施进行预防，并可用低成本、低技术含量的药物和医护进行治疗。

Transmission

传播

Pneumonia can be spread in a number of ways. The viruses and bacteria that are commonly found in a child's nose or throat, can infect the lungs if they are inhaled. They may also spread via air-borne droplets from a cough or sneeze. In addition, pneumonia may spread through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. More research needs to be done on the different pathogens causing pneumonia and the ways they are transmitted, as this is of critical importance for treatment and prevention.

肺炎可通过多种方式传播。病毒和细菌通常在儿童的鼻腔或咽喉处可发现，如被吸入则可感染肺部。病毒和细菌也可通过咳嗽或喷嚏在空气中产生的飞沫传播。此外，肺炎可通过血液传播，尤其是在分娩期间和紧接之后的阶段内。对引起肺炎的不同病原体及其传播方式，需要开展更多的研究，因为这对治疗和预防至关重要。

Presenting features

表现特征

The presenting features of viral and bacterial pneumonia are similar. However, the symptoms of viral pneumonia may be more numerous than the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia. In children under 5 years of age, who have cough and/or difficult breathing, with or without fever, pneumonia is diagnosed by the presence of either fast breathing or lower chest wall indrawing where their chest moves in or retracts during inhalation (in a healthy person, the chest expands during inhalation). Wheezing is more common in viral infections.

病毒性和细菌性肺炎的症状类似。但是，病毒性肺炎的症状可比细菌性肺炎的症状更多。对于存在咳嗽和/或呼吸困难并伴有或者不伴有发热的五岁以下儿童，当出现呼吸加快或者出现下胸壁内收情况，即吸气时胸部内收或收缩（健康的人吸气时，胸部会扩张），就可作出肺炎诊断。喘息较常见于病毒性感染。

Very severely ill infants may be unable to feed or drink and may also experience unconsciousness, hypothermia and convulsions.

病情十分严重的患儿可能无法进食或喝水，也可出现失去知觉、低体温和惊厥。

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